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2 The First Humans in North America? Came here how? And When? 10,000 B.C.E. Who was the first white man to set foot on this soil? LAND BRIDGE BETWEEN NORTH AMERICA AND ASIA NORTH AMERICA ASIA LAND BRIDGE

3 AFTER THE CRUSADES INTRODUCED EUROPE TO THE SPICES AND RICHES OF AFRICA AND ASIA SEVERAL COUNTRIES DESIRED A MORE DIRECT ROUTE SINCE THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE CONTROLLED THE TRADE ROUTES AND PRICES. SPAIN, PORTUGAL, ENGLAND, FRANCE, AND THE NETHERLANDS BEGAN SEARCHING FOR NEW ROUTES VIA THE OCEAN. SEARCHING FOR A SHORTCUT How to get from Europe to Asia quickly?

4 REASONS FOR EUROPEAN EXPANSION MORE WEALTH SPREAD CHRISTIANITY MORE TERRITORY EXPAND TRADE EXPLORE THE WORLD

5 NEW TECHNOLOGY:  COMPASS  GLOBE  RUDDER  IMPROVED SHIP BUILDING TECHNIQUES AND DESIGN  QUADRANT (IMPROVED ABILITY TO DETERMINE LATITUDE BASED ON ALTITUDE OF STARS)  MAPS FROM FOREIGN COUNTRIES MANY OF THOSE DESIRES FOR EXPLORATION HAD ALREADY EXISTED FOR CENTURIES, SO WHAT CHANGED? 1543 GLOBE

6 SPANISH EXPLORATION CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS, AN ITALIAN NAVIGATOR, CONVINCED THE KING AND QUEEN OF SPAIN TO FUND AN EXPEDITION TO FIND A WESTERN ROUTE TO THE RICHES OF ASIA. THE PORTUGUESE DOMINATED THE EASTERN ROUTE. AT THE TIME MAPS OF THE WORLD DID NOT INCLUDE THE AMERICAS.

Columbus’s Arrival 1492 Landed on an island in the Caribbean. Thought he was in India Called the people Indios Claimed the island named it San Salvador -Died thinking he had found India 7

His impact on natives: Disease (mumps, measles, chicken pox, small pox, typhus) Killed the natives by the 1000’s Recognized economic benefits of using local peoples for forced labor European weaponry dominated natives 8

Columbus’s Impact on Africans? Loss of native work force led to settlers bringing in Africans to help Led to slavery and 10 millions slaves being brought over. Civil War 9

His Impact on Europeans? mass migrations Columbian Exchange Transfer of goods between Europe and the Americas 10

SPAIN LED THE EXPLORATION AND COLONIZATION OF THE AMERICAS HERNAN CORTES CONQUERED THE AZTECS OF MEXICO FRANCISCO PIZARRO CONQUERED THE INCAS OF PERU THE QUEST FOR RICHES ENSLAVED THE NATIVE POPULATION TO MINE FOR GOLD AND SILVER DESIRE TO CONVERT NATIVES TO CATHOLICISM LED TO THE BUILDING OF MISSIONS in Texas, New Mexico, and to California

Why were Spanish unstoppable? Guns Germs (killed as many as 90% of people) Steel Horses Had only 508 men, 16 horses, and 10 cannons How then were they able to take Mexico? 12

SPAIN CONTROL: TERRITORY THAT LARGE WAS DIFFICULT TO CONTROL AND THEREFORE WAS OPEN TO ATTACK. OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES HAD SEEN THE RICHES BROUGHT BACK BY SPAIN AND WERE EAGER TO STAKE A CLAIM.

14 THE FIRST ENGLISH ARRIVED IN THE “NEW WORLD” AND ESTABLISHED A COLONY Jamestown st permanent settlement in U.S. Captain John Smith and Pocahontas

John Smith’s Mistakes Built town on a swamp No women No food Bad water Unlike Spanish, their policy was total defeat of natives How was it saved? 15

16 ECONOMIC, RELIGIOUS, SOCIAL AND POLITICAL FACTORS TOBACCO PLAYED A TREMENDOUS ROLE IN THE SUCCESS OF THE COLONY AS IT YIELDED HUGE PROFITS WHEN SOLD IN EUROPE LAND WAS USED AS AN INCENTIVE TO ATTRACT SETTLERS RELIGIOUS STRIFE BETWEEN CATHOLICS AND PROTESTANTS LED TO MASS MIGRATIONS OF BOTH GROUPS TO DIFFERENT COLONIES ECONOMIC CONDITIONS FOR THE AVERAGE ENGLISHMAN BECAME EVEN TOUGHER WITH THE INFUSION OF NEW RICHES INTO THE EUROPEAN ECONOMY BY THE SPANISH HOW DID THE ENGLISH COLONIES BECOME SO successful?

17 The First!!!!!!!!!! THE PILGRIMS, RELIGIOUS SEPARATISTS FROM THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND, SAILED ON THE MAYFLOWER AND LANDED AT PLYMOUTH ROCK IN MASSACHUSETTS IN 1620 Thanksgiving

18 THE PURITANS ARRIVED SHORTLY AFTER THE MORE RADICAL PILGRIMS. THEY WANTED TO “PURIFY” THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND TO REMOVE ALL TRACES OF CATHOLICISM. THEY PLANNED TO ESTABLISH CHURCHES IN THE “NEW WORLD” *knew they could be punished severely for this in England With religion as the driving force New England Colonies formed: Massachusetts New Hampshire Connecticut Rhode Island

19 NEW HAMPSHIRE, MASSACHUSETTS, RHODE ISLAND, CONNECTICUT LONG, COLD WINTERS AS WELL AS MOUNTAINS DID NOT ALLOW FOR LARGE-SCALE FARMING MOST SETTLERS CAME FROM ENGLAND MAIN INDUSTRIES WERE LUMBERING, SHIPBUILDING, FISHING, IRON WORKS, AND WOOL PRODUCTION MOST VILLAGES AND TOWNS WERE NEAR HARBORS OVERVIEW OF THE NORTHERN COLONIES

20 KING CHARLES II GAVE THE MIDDLE COLONIES AS GIFTS TO FAMILY AND FRIENDS

21 NEW YORK, NEW JERSEY, PENNSYLVANIA, DELAWARE ETHNICALLY DIVERSE, ESPECIALLY ALONG THE HUDSON RIVER BUSY SHIPPING PORTS LUSH FARMLAND LED TO GRAIN AND LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION LIKE WHEAT AND RYE, BEEF AND PORK COTTAGE INDUSTRIES WERE WEAVING, SHOEMAKING, CABINET MAKING, AND OTHER ARTISAN CRAFTS OVERVIEW OF THE MIDDLE COLONIES

22 LARGE SCALE FARMING DOMINATED THE SOUTHERN COLONIES

23 SOUTHERN PLANTATIONS

24 AFRICANS CRAMMED ONTO A SHIP FOR TRANSPORT TO BECOME SLAVES The Middle Passage (p. 32) Voyage from Africa to North America, middle leg of Triangular Trade route.

25 MARYLAND, VIRGINIA, NORTH CAROLINA, SOUTH CAROLINA, GEORGIA THE ECONOMY BASED ON CASH CROPS OF TOBACCO, RICE, AND INDIGO CLASS DIVISION BETWEEN VERY WEALTHY AND POOR RELIANT ON SLAVE LABOR OVERVIEW OF THE SOUTHERN COLONIES

Took 125 years to found 13 colonies Colonies existed to benefit England North America contained tons of raw materials Lumber Farmland Tobacco Cotton Fish, Cattle, Pork minerals 26