1. WARM-UP QUESTIONWARM-UP QUESTION On page 30 of your journal, answer the following question. Make sure to write 3-4 complete sentences How did the physical geography of the 13 colonies shape the economic activities of each region?

2. UNIT #1 – EXPLORATION & COLONIZIATIONUNIT #1 – EXPLORATION & COLONIZIATION 8 th Grade U.S. History (2015-2016)8 th Grade U.S. History (2015-2016)

3. MIGRATION ARE HUMANS DRIVEN TO FIND A BETTER LIFE? Push Factors War Famine (No food) Disease Lack of opportunities Religious persecution Pull Factors Religious freedom Land ownership More food Healthier living Page 27

4. EUROPEAN MOTIVATIONEUROPEAN MOTIVATION Expand wealth & power Find a “Northwest Passage” to Asia (Marco Polo) Spread their religion Own personal glory and adventure Main kingdoms: Spain, England & France Page 27

5. SIGNIFICANCE OF EARLY SETTLEMENTS Jamestown (1607) 1 st permanent English settlement (Virginia) Settled for economic reasons Success leads to other colonists to move to North America Virginia House of Burgesses (1819) – Representative Government (elected officials) Slavery introduced in 1619 Cash crop: Tobacco – makes many colonists wealthy Plymouth (1620) Pilgrims leave Europe to find religious freedom Arrive on the Mayflower Male members sign the Mayflower Compact (Establishes Self- Government) Puritan way of life (Social/Political) Page 29

6. CHARACTERISTICS New England Colonies Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire Long cold winters Rocky soil Subsistence Farming Natural Harbors – Fishing, Shipbuilding, Whaling Very Religious (Puritans, Quakers, Anglicans) Page 31

7. CHARACTERISTICS Middle Colonies New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware Shorter winters, warmer summers Better soil for farming (wheat, barley, etc.) Religious Tolerance (Quakers, Catholics) Large farms, logging, fishing, shipbuilding Page 31

8. CHARACTERISTICS Southern Colonies Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia Long summers, short winters Rich soil for farming, warm climate, deep rivers Cash crops: Tobacco, Rice, Indigo & Corn (TRIC) Class-based society More diverse; Anglican/Catholics Plantation life, larger number of slaves, small port cities Page 31

9. POPULATION PATTERNS The Thirteen Colonies Established in North America along the Atlantic Ocean Population concentrated near water resources – drinking water, fishing, farming, hunting, whaling and ship building WATER – Needed to LIVE!! Appalachian Mountains served as a natural barrier – kept settlers from moving further west New England Region – Mostly religious, fishermen, whalers, shipbuilders, timber workers, fur trappers Middle Region – Food crop farmers, iron workers, some ship builders, many Catholics & Quakers Southern Region – Cash crop farming, some forestry, large and small farms, mostly Anglican Page 33

10. WOMEN’S CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE COLONIES The Thirteen Colonies Pocahontas is credited with helping colonists of Jamestown Anne Hutchinson questions Puritan way of life and banished – helps settle Rhode Island Eliza Lucas Pinckney develops indigo as a “cash crop” first in the Southern Colonies Most colonial women were the primary “educator” in the home Page 35

11. RELIGIOUS PATTERNS The Thirteen Colonies Religious freedom the main cause for establishing the 13 colonies Communities “self-governed” Pennsylvania colony experimented with equality and citizens involved in gov’t Disagreements between religious leaders lead to new colonies with more diversity and equality Page 35

12. SLAVERY IN THE COLONIESSLAVERY IN THE COLONIES Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Starts in the British West Indies (Caribbean) on the sugar plantations Triangular Trade develops between England, West Africa and West Indies Exchanged in the colonies for goods (usually cash crops) Plantation System Large cash crop farms needed cheap labor Slaves seen as property and labor supply Slaves help develop plantation system and Southern economy Had no rights at all The more slaves a farmer had the higher his social status Slaves concentrated in the South but were present in all the colonies Page 37

13. IMPACT OF ENLIGHTENMENT PHILOSOPHERS Thomas Hooker – Believed in democratic ideas such as elections by the people and that the people have the power to limit the governments power John Locke – European philosopher who discussed branches of government (Legislative/Executive); believed in unalienable rights (Life, Liberty, and Protection of Property) Charles de Montesquieu – Expanded on Locke’s idea (added a Judiciary branch), wrote about separation of powers and believed education was necessary for a republic William Blackstone – English judge/professor who wrote a book on common law, believed in religious tolerance and also wrote about “natural rights” (unalienable) William Penn – Quaker who founded the Pennsylvania colony, created an elected legislature as a feature of “self-government” Page 39