The Tide of the War Turns Chapter

1. Emancipation Proclamation 1.To understand the reasons for the call for emancipation 2.To identify the significance of the Emancipation Proclamation 3.To analyze the response to the proclamation 4.To describe the role of African-American soldiers in the war

Calls for Emancipation – Abolitionists urge Lincoln to end slavery Criticisms of Lincoln ranged Lincoln did not want the issue of slavery to further divide the country – By the summer 1862 time had come Lincoln simply waited for the right moment After the Battle of Antietam, Congress was ready to listen to any new idea What was Lincoln’s first priority throughout the war?

The Emancipation Proclamation – January 1, 1863 the Emancipation Proclamation was issued. It had a huge public impact…but freed very few slaves Slave holdings only in the south were targeted by the proclamation – Why target only the South? The power to act – Constitution vs Commander-in-Chief – Asked Congress for aid over time Why did Lincoln free slaves only in the South?

Response to the Proclamation – “We shout for joy that we live to record this righteous decree,” Frederick Douglass Still many believed Lincoln had not gone far enough Northern Democrats claimed that the proclamation would worsen the war Army mostly responded positively to the issue White southerners were enraged…runaways would increase and volunteers would increase in the north Compare the reactions of Union soldiers and white Southerners?

African-American Soldiers – Black enrollment in the army was now legal – Many believed that service was the best way for African- Americans to prove their citizenship At the start of the war only a couple of regiments existed, by war’s end about 180,000 black soldiers were in the north. Army life was that much harder for African-Americans – Worse jobs, and being paid less did not stop them How did the E.P. affect African- American enlistment?

The 54 th Massachusetts – More than a couple regiments refused to be paid One of the first African-American regiments, the 54 th, became famous during the Civil War The 54 th made their name at the battle of Fort Wagner – Their courage made them a household name in the north The risks were just as high or higher for free-black soldiers – Death or enslavement…

2. War Affects Society 1.To analyze discontent with the war 2.To explain anger over the draft laws 3.To identify the economic effects of the war and resistance by enslaved Americans 4.To describe how women aided in the war effort and to evaluate conditions in Northern and Southern prison camps

The North Wins 1.To evaluate the importance of the Battle of Gettysburg 2.To evaluate the importance of the siege of Vicksburg and Sherman’s march to the coast 3.To trace the Virginia campaign to Appomattox 4.To describe the surrender at Appomattox

The Road to Gettysburg – September 1862: After Antietam, McClellan is replaced by Ambrose Burnside McClellan will run against Lincoln in 1864 election – At the battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia, Burnside loses 12,600 Union soldiers – Burnside is replaced by Joseph Hooker, he loses against Lee in May at Chancellor, VA General Hooker loses but Lee loses Stonewall – McClellan-Burnside-Hooker-Meade…

The Battle of Gettysburg – July 1 st -3 rd Gen. Meade & 90,000 Union Troops Gen. Lee & 75,000 Confederates – Cemetery Ridge – Pickett’s Charge No counter attack – Union lose 23,000 – Rebels lose 28,000

Siege of Vicksburg – Vicksburg was the last major Southern stronghold on the Mississippi Grant would try to attack head but it would fail, so instead he would lay siege to it The Confederates would be starved out – The fall of Vicksburg fulfilled a major part of the Anaconda Plan – Lincoln would appoint Grant head of the Union Army

Sherman’s Total War – General William Tecumseh Sherman Led the southern assault, while Grant pursued Lee Sherman would take Atlanta, and carve a path of destruction 60 miles wide and 300 miles long – Lincoln needed the success of Sherman to help him run for re-election

Grant’s Virginia Campaign – Sherman would turn north after taking Savannah His goal was to meet with Grant – Grant is busy attacking Lee Battle of the Wilderness, May 1864, 17,000 Union dead Cold Harbor, June 1864, 7,000 Union Dead Petersburg, June 1864-April 1865, about 70,000 total – Richmond falls April 3 rd 1865

Surrender at Appomattox – General Lee flees Richmond hoping to get some breathing room By April 9 th, 1865, Lee will send a rider to arrange his surrender Lee and Grant would meet at a small town called Appomattox Court House. Terms were offered and agreed on

The Legacy of the War 1.To analyze the economic, physical, and emotional costs of the Civil War 2.To explain the significance of the Thirteenth Amendment 3.To describe the events related to President Lincoln’s assassination 4.To summarize the consequences of the Civil War

Costs of the War – Lincoln hoped to heal the nation, by bringing the south back into the Union quickly Hard feelings on both sides would slow the process Between 620, ,000 soldiers died – Low end estimates: 360,000 Union/260,000 Confederates – Wounded 275,000 Union/260,000 Confederates Around 3 million soldiers total, about 10% of the population Federal Debt at the end of the war was around 2.7 Billion

The Thirteenth Amendment – As Union soldiers pushed through the south, millions of slaves would be freed The Emancipation Proclamation would be read to gathered slaves throughout the southern states Slavery still existed in the border states, so Pres. Lincoln tried to pass an amendment – Thirteenth Amendment would be passed Jan Freeing all slaves, and banning it in the United States

Lincoln’s Assassination – Lincoln would not live to see the end of slavery Five days after Appomattox, John Wilkes Booth, would assassinate the President On the same day, Secretary of State William Seward would be stabbed One accomplice would fail to carry out an attack on V.P. Johnson

Consequences of the War – The North no longer saw the country as group of states working together, rather one nation. No longer “the United States are” but rather “the United States is” – Federal Government grew larger – Northern economy had also changed, industry had begun to replace farming – The South’s economy was destroyed from 30% of the nation’s wealth to 12%