Revolutions Global History and Geography Regents Review

Neolithic Revolution Where: Middle East When: 10,000 BC Change: From nomadic tribes TO domestication of animals and plants. Nomads became farmers. Effects:  Rise of towns and cities  Centralized governments  Organized religions  Writing system-  Specialization of labor  Social classes  Art and architecture  Roads, canals and other public works

Commercial Revolution Where: Europe When 1500 to 1700 Effects:  European nations establish overseas colonies  Exploitation of Peoples  Mercantilism  Rise of guilds, partnerships, and corporations  Money grew in importance

Scientific Revolution Where: Europe When: 1500s to 1700s Change: from medieval thinking to the use of the scientific method and reasoning. Effects:  Questioning of ancient traditions and knowledge  Use of the Scientific Method  Use science to better society  Use of reasoning  Newton, Galileo, Copernicus, Kepler are examples of scientists that lived during this time people.

Glorious Revolution Where: Great Britain When: 1688 Change: From absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy Nonviolent overthrow of the government of James II that resulted in the reign of William and Mary Effect:  Signing of the English Bill of Rights  Power of English monarch is limited

Industrial Revolution Where: Great Britain When: 1700s Change: From cottage industry to Factory system Effect:  Mass production of goods  New energy sources  Rise of socialism  Rise of unions  Science closely tied with industry  Urbanization  New class structure: rise of middle class  Improved transportation  Labor legislation

Intellectual Revolution: The Enlightenment or Age of Reason Natural Rights: all men have these unalienable rights. Natural laws also govern the activities of men. John Locke: men have natural rights of life, liberty and property. Men have the right to rebel if government fails to protect these rights. Voltaire: freedom of speech and religion Montesquieu: separation of powers Rousseau: men give power to the government (general will) to act for the good of the people

French Revolution Where: France When: 1789 Change: From absolute monarchy to democratic ideals of the Enlightenment. Causes: Absolutism, the influence of the Enlightenment, Social inequality, economic injustices, English and American examples. Effects:  Rise of Napoleon  End of monarchy  Rise of nationalism  Equality before the law; fair taxation  Weakening of Catholic Church in France  Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

Russian Revolution Where: Russia When: 1917 Change: From czarist autocratic rule to communist rule under Lenin. Effects:  Class society  Communist/Marist principles followed  Totalitarian dictatorship  Denial of political rights and freedoms  Modernization of Russia  Formation of Soviet Union  Cold War

Chinese Revolution Where: China When: 1949 Change: rule by nationalists to communist rule under Mao Zedong. Effects:  Support of peasants for revolution  Denial of political rights and freedoms  Increased literacy  Changed the role of woman  The Great Leap Forward leads to the death of 20 million Chinese  Cultural Revolution: Economy slows  Eventual rise of China as a world power

Iranian Revolution Where: Iran When: 1979 Change: from western rule of Shah Reza Pahlevi to Islamic Fundamentalist rule under the Ayatollah Khomeini Effects:  Anti western: western books, movies and music was banned  Many rights taken from women  Gov’t required strict adherence to Islamic traditions  American hostages seized for 444 days.  Denial of political rights and freedoms

Cuban Revolution Where: Cuba When: 1959 Change: from one dictatorship to a communist dictatorship under Fidel Castro Effects:  Denial of political rights and freedoms  Nationalization of industry and seizure of foreign property.  Collective farms

Green Revolution Where: throughout the world When: throughout the late 1900s. Change: from traditional farming methods to use of modern technology. Effect:  Rise in crop yields  Irrigation: use of water pumps  Use of new machinery  Use of new fertilizer and pesticides  Genetic engineering of seeds  Innovations are expensive