1. Turning Points

2. Neolithic or Agricultural Revolution One reason for the development of an early civilization in the Tigris-Euphrates river valleys was that 1.the location protected the people from land invasion 2.periodic flooding left rich soil, which was ideal for farming 3.these rivers provided a direct trade route between Europe and Asia 4.these rivers flowed into the Mediterranean Sea

3. Medieval Crusades In Europe, a long-term effect of the Crusades was 1.the strengthening of the feudal system 2.the adoption of Islamic religious practices 3.an increased demand for goods from the East 4.increased European isolation

4. Renaissance Which statement best describes a change that occurred during both the Renaissance and the Enlightenment? 1.feudalism became the dominant political system 2.the use of reason and logic were discouraged 3.technology and science were considered unimportant 4.a new questioning spirit and attitude emerged

5. Protestant Reformation In Western Europe, a major immediate effect of the Reformation was a 1.renewed domination of the Catholic Church over the German states 2.greater tolerance of religions other than Christianity 3.decrease in educational opportunities for the middle class 4.decline in religious unity and in the power of the Catholic Church

6. Commercial Revolution Which was a result of the Commercial Revolution 1.decline in population growth in Europe 2.shift of power from Western Europe to Eastern Europe 3.spread of feudalism throughout Western Europe 4.expansion of European influence overseas

7. Glorious Revolution What was the “Glorious Revolution”? 1.the agricultural revolution that improved food supplies in England 2.the battle between the Roundheads and the Cavaliers for control of England 3.the establishment of Protestantism as the English state religion 4.the invasion of England by William of Orange, which overthrew James II with almost no bloodshed

8. Scientific Revolution Which statement best describes the effects of the works of Nicolaus Copernicus, Galileo Galilei, Sir Isaac Newton, and René Descartes? 1.The acceptance of traditional authority was strengthened. 2.The scientific method was used to solve problems. 3.Funding to education was increased by the English government. 4.Interest in Greek and Roman drama was renewed.

9. Enlightenment Writers of the Enlightenment were primarily interested in 1.changing the relationship between people and their government 2.supporting the divine right theory 3.debating the role of the church in society 4.promoting increased power for European monarchs

10. French Revolution A study of revolutions would most likely lead to the conclusion that pre-Revolutionary governments 1.are more concerned about human rights than the governments that replace them 2.refuse to modernize their armed forces with advanced technology 3.attempt to bring about the separation of government from religion 4.fail to meet the political and economic needs of their people

11. French Revolution Which statement is a valid generalization about the immediate results of the French Revolution of 1789? 1.the Roman Catholic Church increased its power and wealth 2.the revolution achieved its goal of establishing peace, democracy, and justice for all 3.the revolution had little impact outside France 4.the French middle class gained more power

12. Latin American Revolutions Which of these situations was the direct result of the other three? 1.nations of Latin America won independence 2.revolutions occurred in North America and France 3.the Napoleonic wars weakened Spain’s power 4.creoles and mestizos became discontented with Spanish rule

13. Industrial Revolution A major result of the Industrial Revolution was the 1.concentration of workers in urban areas 2.increased desire of the wealthy class to share its power 3.formation of powerful craft guilds 4.control of agricultural production by governments

14. Russian Revolution A major cause of the Russian Revolution of 1917 was the 1.defeat of Germany in the Russian campaign 2.marriage of Czar Nicholas II to a German princess 3.existence of sharp economic differences between social classes 4.appeal of Marxism to the Russian nobility

15. Chinese Communist Revolution After World War II, the Chinese Communists were successful in their revolution mainly because the 1.United States refused to support the Nationalists 2.communists had the support of the peasants 3.communists had more technologically advanced weapons 4.nationalist had been defeated by Japan

16. Iranian Revolution In Iran, the Revolution of 1979 and the rise of Islamic fundamentalism resulted in 1.an increase in woman’s rights 2.the westernization and modernization of the nation 3.a return to many traditional customs 4.the introduction of a democratic form of government

17. Green Revolution In Mexico and India, the Green Revolution has been successful because it has 1.promoted democratic reform 2.increased agricultural productivity 3.introduced western culture and values 4.established economic equality among the people

18. Soviet Break-Up After the breakup of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Soviet Union, new nations were formed. Which generalization accurately reflects the effect of the breakup on these new nations? 1.new nations are generally too poor and weak to become active members of the United Nations 2.new nations rarely use their limited resources to wage war 3.national and ethnic differences often lead to instability and violence in new nations 4.self-determination generally leads to democratic forms of government in new nations