Ancient Egypt Chapter 2 Section 2 Identify the following terms on R3 in your notebook. –Delta –Narmer –Pharaohs –Theocracy –Pyramid –Mummification –Hieroglyphics –Papyrus

Ancient Egypt Chapter 4 Section 1 Identify the following terms on R3 in your notebook. –Hyksos –New Kingdom –Hatshepsut –Thutmose III –Nubia –Ramses II (the Great)

NEXT Using mathematical knowledge and engineering skills, Egyptians build magnificent monuments to honor dead rulers. Section 2 Pyramids on the Nile

L3 in your notebook Ancient Egypt Egyptian Geographical Challenges Inconsistent Flooding Destructive Flooding Desert Isolates Egyptian Architecture Egyptian Society Egyptian Government Outside Invaders

NEXT The Geography of Egypt Pyramids on the Nile Egypt’s Settlements Arise along the 4,100-mile Nile River on narrow strip of fertile land The Gift of the Nile Yearly flooding brings water and fertile black mud—silt Farmers build irrigation system for wheat and barley crops Egyptian’s worship Nile as a god Continued... SECTION 2 Image

NEXT SECTION 2 Environmental Challenges Light floods reduce crops, cause starvation Heavy floods destroy property; deserts isolate and protect Egyptians continued The Geography of Egypt Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt River area south of First Cataract is elevated, becomes Upper Egypt Cataract—where boulders turn Nile River into churning rapids River area north, including Nile delta, becomes Lower Egypt Delta—land formed by silt deposits at mouth of river; triangular Map

NEXT Egypt Unites into a Kingdom King Narmer Creates Egyptian Dynasty Villages of Egypt ruled by two kingdoms—Lower Egypt, Upper Egypt King Narmer unites them around 3000 B.C. ; makes Memphis capital Establishes first Egyptian dynasty Pharaohs Rule as Gods To the Egyptians, kings are gods; Egyptian god kings called pharaohs Pharaohs control religion, government, army, well-being of kingdom Government based on religious authority— theocracy Continued... SECTION 2

NEXT Builders of the Pyramids Kings believed to rule even after death; have eternal life force, ka Build elaborate tombs, pyramids, to meet needs after death Pyramids made with blocks of stone, 2-15 tons each; 481 ft. high Kingdom had leadership, government; economically strong continued Egypt Unites into a Kingdom Interactive SECTION 2

NEXT Egyptian Culture Religion and Life Egyptians believe in 2,000 gods and goddesses—polytheistic Re is sun god, Osiris, god of the dead; goddess Isis is ideal woman Believe in life after death; person judged by deeds at death Develop mummification, process that prevents body from decaying Book of the Dead contains prayers and spells, guides soul after death SECTION 2 Image

NEXT Life in Egyptian Society Social Classes Society shaped like pyramid, from Pharaoh down to farmers, laborers Few people at top have great power; most people at bottom People move into higher social classes through marriage or merit Women have many of the same rights as men Egyptian Writing In hieroglyphics writing system, pictures represent ideas Paperlike sheets made from papyrus reeds used for writing Continued... SECTION 2 Image

NEXT Egyptian Science and Technology Egyptians invent calendar of 365 days and 12 months Develop system of written numbers and a form of geometry Skilled engineers and architects construct palaces, pyramids Egyptian medicine famous in the ancient world continued Life in Egyptian Society SECTION 2

NEXT Invaders Control Egypt Changes to Egyptian Society Power of Pharaohs declines about 2180 B.C. ; end of Old Kingdom In Middle Kingdom (2040 to 1640 B.C. ), some pharaohs regain control Improve trade, dig canal from Nile to Red Sea, drain swamps for farms Hyksos move into Egypt from Palestine; rule from 1630 to 1523 B.C. SECTION 2

NEXT Section 1 The Egyptian and Nubian Empires Two empires along the Nile, Egypt and Nubia, forge commercial, cultural, and political connections.

NEXT Nomadic Invaders Rule Egypt The Egyptian and Nubian Empires Invaders About 1640 B.C., Asian warriors, the Hyksos, use chariots to conquer Egypt Hebrews Migrate to Egypt Hebrews move to Egypt from Canaan around 1650 B.C. Egyptians resent the presence of Hebrews and Hyksos in Egypt Expulsion and Slavery Egyptians drive out the hated Hyksos Hebrews lose protection of Hyksos; are enslaved SECTION 1

NEXT The New Kingdom of Egypt Continued... SECTION 1 Technological Changes About 1570 to 1075 B.C. pharaohs create New Kingdom, a powerful empire Army uses bronze weapons and chariots to conquer other lands Hatshepsut’s Prosperous Rule Hatshepsut—pharaoh whose reign most noted for her trade expeditions, not war Image

NEXT continued The New Kingdom of Egypt SECTION 1 Thutmose the Empire Builder Thutmose III, Hatshepsut’s stepson, expands Egypt’s empire Invades Palestine, Syria, and Nubia—region around the upper Nile River Egypt most powerful and wealthy during reign of New Kingdom pharaohs Continued... Image

NEXT The Egyptians and the Hittites Around 1285 B.C. Egyptians battle the Hittites in Palestine Egypt’s pharaoh, Ramses II, and the Hittite king sign a peace treaty continued The New Kingdom of Egypt SECTION 1 An Age of Builders New Kingdom pharaohs built great palaces, magnificent temples Valley of the Kings near Thebes is home to royal tombs Ramses II builds impressive temples with enormous statues of himself Image

NEXT The Empire Declines SECTION 1 Invasion by Land and Sea “Sea Peoples” (possibly Philistines) cause great destruction in Egypt Libyan raids on villages and Palestine rebellions weaken empire Egypt’s Empire Fades Weakened empire breaks into smaller kingdoms From around 950 to 730 B.C. Libyan pharaohs rule Egypt, erect cities