1. 9/11/2014 Besides water, what are other reasons as to why you think that civilizations developed along rivers? How did physical geography affect the settlement of the United States?

2. Ancient Kingdoms of the Nile

3. The Nile River
The Nile is the longest river in the world – about 4,160 miles
Ancient Egyptians built their civilization along 750 mile stretch right at the start

4. Advantages of Living Near Nile?
Water!!
Weather was sunny and frost-free
Because of size/winds boats could travel upstream or row downstream with ease
Deposits of granite, sandstone, and limestone
Used for building materials
Deserts/seas - natural protection from invaders

5. Early Steps Toward Civilization
By 12,000 B.C. hunter-gatherers came in
By 3,000 B.C. they developed hieroglyphics
=Used more than 600 signs, pictures, or symbols to represent words and sounds
Invented papyrus – plants pressed together
Used ink made from soot, water, plant juice
Rosetta Stone – 1798

6. The Egyptian Kingdoms After 3200 B.C.- Menes united all of Egypt
Established a dynasty: A family of rulers
A dynasty’s rule ends when the family is driven from power or when no one is left to rule
Pharaohs: Ruler holding absolute power – served as judges, high priests, and generals

7. People regarded rulers as gods and built great temples and tombs to honor them
From Menes to 300 B.C.- 30 dynasties ruled Egypt
Split into 3 Kingdoms….

8. The Old Kingdom Existed from 2680 B.C. to 2180 B.C.
Built the Great Sphinx and the largest pyramids
Society was split into two classes:
Lower class – farmers and peasants. They owed pharaoh so served in army and built things
Upper class – Royal family, priests, scribes, officials

9. The Middle Kingdom Existed from 2050 B.C. to 1780 B.C.
Was the “golden age” for Egypt
In the 1700s B.C., new people from Asia came in called Hyksos: “foreigners”
Brought the chariot and compound bow and destruction?? to the Middle Kingdom

10. The New Kingdom Eventually the Hyksos were driven out of Egypt
Existed from 1570 B.C. to 1080 B.C.
Pharaohs once again had absolute power
With chariots and strong army, built an Empire:
A form of government in which an individual rules over many other peoples and territories

11. Key Pharaohs in New Kingdom
Hatshepsut
One of the first female rulers
Reigned from 1503 B.C. to 1482 B.C.
Strong ruler who kept borders secure and established trade routes
Her sons continued to expand the Empire

12. Amenhotep IV Rule from 1380 B.C. to 1362 B.C.
Tried to bring about religious change
Polytheism:
Belief in many gods
Monotheism:
Belief in one god
He believed in one god, but the priests and people did not, after his death they returned to polytheism

13. Egypt’s Decline Few strong pharaohs left Ramses II
Ruled from 1279 B.C. to 1213 B.C.
Constructed many temples and monuments
Invasions from Sea Peoples weakened Egypt and eventually Mesopotamian People attacked Egypt
By 300 B.C. it was OVER!