1. Kingdom on the Nile & Egyptian Civilizations
Chapter 2
Sections 3 &4

2. Sec 3: Kingdom on the Nile
Geography Helps Shape Egypt
Note that Egypt was settled between water systems and desert…both served as a protection from invaders.
Ancient Egypt had two distinct regions, Upper Egypt in the south and Lower Egypt in the north.
Until, King Menses untied both regions and used the Nile to trade with others from surrounding areas.

3. The old kingdom Forms
Pharaohs were Egyptian Kings with complete power. The Egyptians believed the pharaohs were their god.
At the start of their reigns, the pharaohs began building their tombs. These tombs were located within the pyramids.

4. The turbulent middle kingdom
Issues during Middle Kingdom
The Nile did not rise regularly
Corruption
Rebellions
Hyksos were invaders that took over the Nile Delta. The Egyptians were impressed by their chariots and the Hyksos adopted aspects of their civilization.

5. New kingdom Egypt grows strong
Hatshepsut: 1st female ruler
(encouraged trade)
Thutmose III: Military general that extended
Egypt’s borders
Ramses II: Extended the borders north.
There were many battles fought with the Hittites until a peace treaty was agreed upon.

6. New kingdom Egypt grows strong
After invasions by the Assyrians and Persians, Egypt’s dominance began to crumble. The Greeks and then the Romans wanted to control the fertile Nile Valley. The Egyptian dynasties were complete.

7. Sec 4: Egyptian Civilization
Religion Shapes life in Ancient Egypt
During the Old Kingdom, Egyptians worshipped a sun god, Re. In the Middle Kingdom, they believed Re to be with Amon. Amon-Re, was the great lord of the gods.
Osiris: God of the dead & God of the Nile
Isis: Goddess of Health, Marriage, & Love

8. Egyptians organize their society Women in Egypt
Nobles, Government Officials: Served the Pharaoh
Scribes & Artisans: Provided needs to the rich and powerful
Peasants: Built tombs, pyramids, served the pharaoh, worked in the fields.
Women in Egypt
They worked outside the home as well. They could manufacture good, manage estates, be doctors, and they could be priests.
However, they could not have government jobs and few learned to read or write.

9. Egyptians make advances in learning
Hieroglyphics: System in which symbols or pictures represent objects, concepts or sounds.
Hieratic and Demotic script was a more simple version in a cursive form.
Papyrus: Plant from the banks of the Nile.

10. Egyptians make advances in learning
Rosetta Stone: Hieroglyphics, Demotic Script, and Greek
It has the same passage written in all three. It was then that people were able to read hieroglyphics, and understand the records left from Ancient Egypt.

11. Egyptians make advances in learning
Doctors
Performed surgical operations and used many spices and medicines still in use today.
Anise
Castor Beans (Castor Oil)
Saffron
Astrology
Developed a 12 month calendar- 30 days a month
A modified version is what we use today.
Engineers
Used geometry to calculate the size of each stone to create the pyramids.

12. Egyptians develop Arts and Literature
Egyptian Art
Wall Paintings, Carvings, Sculptures
Many show Pharaohs as larger than life
Many show the side profile
Human bodies with animal head
Egyptian Literature
Hymns, Prayers to gods, Proverbs, and love poems
Accounts of battle victories and even advice writings existed.