Sentence-Utterance-Proposition SEMANTICS Sentence-Utterance-Proposition

SENTENCE Set of words combined together by the grammatical rules of a language that expresses a complete thought, question, exclamation, request, command or suggestion.

SENTENCE May be in the form of a single phrase or word. Example: "Five" as an answer to the question: "How many languages can you speak?“ implies the clause: "I can speak five languages".

SENTENCE A sentence always consists of the same words, and in the same order. If there is any change in the words, or in their order, a different sentence comes into existence. Example: Helen rolled up the carpet Helen rolled the carpet up (Different sentences)

SENTENCE " A sentence is a grammatically complete string of words expressing a complete thought."(Hurford) Any set of words without a verb is neglected from being a fully formed sentence. Example: I would like a cup of coffee (sentence) Coffee, please (not sentence) In the kitchen (not sentence) Please put it in the kitchen (sentence)

SENTENCE Event>Generalization>Proposition>Description>Sentence

SENTENCE Five Types of Sentence Meaning Proposition meaning Connotative meaning Cultural meaning Structural meaning Pragmatic meaning

SENTENCE Proposition meaning Zac stays up late. Does Zac stay up late? Zac does not stay up late. All have the same proposition:

SENTENCE Connotative meaning Meaning of the sentence differs depending on the speakers use of it Example: That girl is like a cat, she would scratch your face in the first chance. The speaker mentions the quarrelsome nature of the girl.

SENTENCE Cultural meaning Includes a specific meaning associated to a certain culture that it comes from "Aynasızlar geliyor kaçalım!"

SENTENCE Structural meaning Simple Sentence People are afraid of things they don't know. Compound Sentence I will go to school and talk to your teacher about this matter. Complex Sentence The teacher gave him a detention after she noticed he did not complete his task.

SENTENCE Pragmatic meaning Bound to the context between the speaker and listener alone He hasn’t taken a shower. He was so hungry he could eat the whole table.

UTTERANCE An Utterance is any sound of talk, that a human produces. The characteristics of utterance •It is spoken or written •It is a physical event •It may be grammatical or not •Meaningful or meaningless •By specific person •By specific time or on particular occasion •A piece of language

UTTERANCE “The ferry now docking is the 21:45 cruise to Bursa/Mudanya”. “Converse”. “Hummmpfh”’ “Pxdgytguaargh”.

UTTERANCE “We do not set out to speak in sentences – in fact, in informal speech we rarely do that – rather, we set out to achieve a purpose which may or may not require full, accurate sentences” (Carter&Cornbleet) Speaker A: “Lots of people are rolling skating, lots of people do rollerblade”. Speaker B: “Just running around the city”. Speaker A: “Mainly in Golden Gate Park”. 

SENTENCE V.S.UTTERANCE SENTENCE An abstraction of the grammatical and lexical content of an utterance There can be many utterances of the same sentence. Independent of context. UTTERANCE Bound to a specific situation(context), and a specific speaker Every time a sentence is spoken, the result is a new utterance of the same sentence. Accent and voice quality belongs to the utterance

SENTENCE V.S.UTTERANCE SENTENCE That car is the most expensive car of the year UTTERANCE “That car is the most expensive car of the year "

PROPOSITION Proposition is that part of meaning of the utterance of a declarative sentence which describe some state of affairs. Can be expressed in different sentences but keeps the original message.

PROPOSITION Sentence Steve‘s father, Curtis, who is a police officer, likes football. Proposition (1) Steve has a father. (2) His name is Curtis. (3) Curtis is a police officer. (4) Curtis like football.

PROPOSITION

PROPOSITION “Zac can play” “Can Zac play?” speaker asserts the proposition-believes to its truth “Can Zac play?” mentions the same proposition but questions its truth

PROPOSITION Thoughts – Individual / Propositions – Public MENTAL PROCESSES THOUGHTS ABSTRACT SEMANTIC ENTITIES PROPOSITIONS LINGUISTIC ENTITIES SENTENCES ACTIONS UTTERANCES

PROPOSITION Utterance (pieces of speech)   Filter out (phonetic) information  Sentence (abstract grammatical element) filter out (grammatical) information Proposition (basic element of sentence meaning)

PROPOSITION Can be loud or quiet Can be grammatical or not Characteristics Utterances Sentences Propositions Can be loud or quiet + - Can be grammatical or not Can be true or false In a particular regional accent In a particular language

THE END…. Mültezem BOYDAŞ