1. Introduction to phrases & clauses
Chapter 3
Introduction to phrases & clauses

2. Using these slides
These slides are planned to help you be a more effective reader of the Longman Student Grammar.
Please have the book in hand as we go through Chapter 3.

3. Getting an overview of the chapter
This chapter is quite small compared to others in the book. How long is it?
What 2 sections do they promise on page 37?
Flip through. Get a sense of the sections.
Also look to see what kinds of “visible” data they present.
Find the reviews that come at the end of section major chunk. You might try reading those first to see what the authors consider the most important information in each section.

4. Organization in grammar reference books
Notice that grammar reference books generally
Start with the most general and common elements
End up with interesting but infrequent aspects of the grammar of the chapter
What does that organization suggest for a reader?!!

5. What you need to be sure to understand
By the end of our study of this chapter, you need to be sure that you
Know the difference between phrases & clauses
Know the most common types of phrases
Know the most common types of clauses
Begin to know about the uses of types of phrases and clauses in different registers

6. Register information in Chapter 3?
In my initial look through the chapter, I didn’t see any of the “visible frequency” figures they gave before.
But the review on page 46 mentions register differences in use of longer and more complex phrases….so it’s there somewhere.
As you read, mark the places where they mention register differences and their corpus data.

7. Words, phrases, clauses
The purposes for this chapter: “to see how words pattern together to form phrases” and “to see how phrases pattern together to form clauses.” (p. 38)
Patterns & Grammarians: Grammarians are always looking for patterns…not singularities but patterns.
Combinations that get repeated.
Systematic choices among words that are part of sub-groups.

8. How should we talk about phrases?
We need to learn to talk about phrases in terms of
Structure: the kinds of words that are put together to make phrases and the ways those words are ordered
Syntactic roles: the ways that different kinds of phrases are put together to make up clauses
Communication uses: the ways that phrases are used in different types of communication…register differences

9. What are phrases like? See their summary on the top of page 39!
Then, we’ll go through each of those statements.

10. Graphical systems in grammar
Grammarians have a really difficult task as we try to show readers the internal structures of grammatical units.
How can we mark up the examples to make their structure more visible to readers and students?
Two major systems are used now in many publications
Bracketing….using [ ] to mark words that go together
page 38 Example 1
Trees…drawing lines down from a set of words to show which words go together
Page 39 Figures 3.1 and 3.2

11. Embedded Defined
Embedded is the term used in linguistics to mean “one thing inside another thing.”
The example on page 38 involves a noun phrase inside a prepositional phrase:
… [by [the opposition]]
The brackets end up being double sets of brackets to show that the preposition has a noun phrase in its object
Noun phrase: the opposition
Prepositional phrase: by the opposition

12. Analyzing phrases
Internal Structure: the kinds of words that are combined and the order they are combined in
What kinds of words are combined to make a noun phrase?
Articles, adjectives, nouns, etc.
Syntactic roles: the ways that the phrases are used in clauses
How is a noun phrase used in a clause?
Subject, object, etc.
What’s this businesses with clauses?
Why don’t they ever talk about sentences?

13. What are the most important types of phrases?
Well, you make a list. What can you see by flipping ahead from page 41?
Noun phrases
Verb phrases
Adjective phrases
Adverb phrases
Prepositional phrases

14. How should you read the descriptions of phrases?
So…read these sections that way asking yourself these questions:
What’re the forms? What kinds of words are combined to make these?
How are they used to make other kinds of grammatical units?
How are they used in context? Are there any register differences?
Grammar materials are just about always going to tell you 2 things about a grammatical item:
1. how it is made…its internal structure….the words that can be combined and their word order
2. how the phrase type is used to make up larger units
You can also expect to start seeing more and more information about “use in context”:
4. how are these phrases used in particular kinds of communication

15. Noun phrase terminology
Head
Check the glossary!
Modifier
Complement
Remember to let me know
If and when you get confused
About terminology!

16. Yeah, they count, too Yep. Noun phrase includes
Single nouns as well as 2 or more words with a noun as the head
Pronouns
Proper nouns
Adjectives used like nouns (the brave, the impossible)

17. Noun phrase
So, what’s a noun phrase? Try writing a definition or saying the complete definition out loud to yourself.
Structure: A noun phrase is ….
Use: A noun phrase is used in clauses as ….

18. Verb phrase Ok. So. What’s in a verb phrase?
What’s the head of a verb phrase?
What other stuff can be added to that head?
In the lecture for Session 3,
I’ll look at Table 3.1 in detail.

19. Adjective phrase structure
What’s the head?
What other kinds of things can be added?
What’s a complement?
Check the glossary!

20. Predicative? Attributive?
Adjective phrase use involves
Adjectives that are used after be or another linking verb. These uses are called “predicative adjectives.”
She is smart. He is tall.
Adjectives that are used before a noun are called “attributive adjectives.”
The smart student. The tall teacher.
When we look at adjectives in more detail,
You’ll see that some adjectives can be
attributive but not predicative. For
example, solar = solar power but not
The power is solar.

21. Adverb vs. adverbial
Oh, dear, 2 terms that seem a lot a like. What do they mean?
Adverb = adverb phrase
A single word adverb or
A phrase with the adverb as its head
Adverbial includes adverb phrases but also other grammatical forms that have adverbial meaning
Adverb clause
Because she is smart, she gets good grades.
Prepositional phrase for adverbial meaning
She lives on Main Street.

22. Prepositional phrase
What’s a prepositional phrase? What structure does it have?
What work does it do?
“The preposition can be thought of as a link relating the noun phrase to preceding structure.”
Sometimes a prepositional phrase is at the same level as a subject or verb phrase and acts as an adverbial. So, it connects to the clause:
She lives in Atlanta.
Sometimes a preposition phrase connects to a noun and is part of the noun phrase.
I need the book on the bottom shelf.

23. Clauses
Clauses are analyzed based on the kind of verb and the kind of stuff required by that verb.
So, we have the basic clause types given on page 47.
I’ll go over that table in my lecture so you’ll see that information again.
But, look closely right now at the middle of page 47 for the list of verb “valency” types. Take a look at the definition in this website: valence. So, a verb attracts certain kinds of other grammar… or it doesn’t.
Intransitive verbs: no attraction, no object in = no
Transitive verbs: attract objects

24. Basic clause patterns The basic clause patterns involve Verb Types
Subject + verb + whatever else is required by that verb type
Verb Types
In-transitive: no object possible
Drugs kill.
Mono-transitive: has to have 1 object
He owns a very old car.
Copular: links the subject to an adjective or a noun phrase or a prepositional phrase to describe the subject
His car is very old. His car is at the mechanic. His old car is a Ford.
Di-transitive: direct and indirect objects
His brother gave him the car.
Complex transitive: Well, we’ll just look at the examples for now.
The car makes him crazy.
He’s sending a letter about the car to his brother.

25. Basic clause elements A clause is made up of 1. Verb phrase 2. Subject
3. Object (not always required, depends on the verb type)
4. Predicative (required by copular verbs)
5. Adverbials (usually optional but sometimes required by certain verbs)

26. Long Verb Phrase
This term is one that they have developed to replace what others call the predicate.
The long verb phrase is made up of
A verb phrase
Everything that the verb phrase requires based on the type of verb
Could include objects (monotransitive, ditransitive)
Could include complements (copular)
Could include adverbials (optional or required)
A clause, then, combines
subject + long verb phrase

27. Where are we at the end of Chapter 3?
Give yourself a test. Write down your answers to these questions.
What’s a phrase?
What are the basic phrase types?
What’s a clause?
What’re the basic clause types?
How do phrases & clauses interact with each other?
Now flip back to the section of the chapter with the information to check your memory.
Also, re-read the reviews at the end of each section of the chapter:
Phrase review: page 46
Clause review: page 54

28. Now What? Read the chapter. Listen to and read my lectures on WebCT.
Do the quizzes.
Make notes about any of the information that might be important for your paper.
me with your questions. Remember that I want to hear about what you do NOT understand…your questions about the parts of the chapter that confuse you.