MIGRATION: The movement of a person between two places for a certain period of time.

Migration Models Seeking to explain Patterns of Movement and Reasons for Movement

Uses of Models of Migration

Push and Pull Factors Push Factor / Push Forces Pressures which persuade a person to move away from an area. Pull Factor / Pull Forces Those which attract the migrant to a particular destination.

Pull Migration Simple Migration Model Location ALocation B Push

Lee’s General Migration Model Source: Population, Resources and Development. Jane Chrispin and Francis Jegede. Collins Educational.1996.

Location ALocation B Lee’s Migration Model Source: Adapted from Global Challenge. Alistair McNaught and Michael Witherick. Longman Intervening Place Intervening Obstacles ? Real / Perceived

Gravity Model In other words - the potential number of migrants will be bigger where the population of the place of departure and arrival are large……. …….and the further apart the places are the fewer migrants there will be! “The number of people moving between places A and B is equal to the population of A multiplied by the population of B divided by the square of the distance between them.”

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DISTANCESTEPSCOUNTER-STREAMURBAN vs RURALECONOMICGENDER

Step Migration

Circular Migration Migrants do not settle permanently in their new homes. They leave their rural homes at time of unemployment and then return periodically with money.

Limitations of Models of Migration All the models are simplifications and they contain hidden assumptions. These assumptions can be unrealistic: that all people are free to migrate that all people have the skills, education and qualifications which allow them to move. that there are minimal barriers to migration, such as race, class, income, language and gender. that distance is not a major factor in migration.

* As one of the ‘four freedoms’ of the EU, each European citizen may take up and pursue employment in the territory of another member state under the same conditions as the nationals of the host state (EU Treaty Art. 1 & Reg. 1612/68) * The EU is made up of 27 states (nearly half a billion people) * Members include Germany, the UK, France, Poland and Estonia * Anyone can work and live anywhere!

* VOLUME 650,000 Poles have entered the UK (2004+) * CHARACTERISTICS They bring a range of skills and occupations, including dentists and builders * DEMOGRAPHICS The majority are aged and significant numbers are having children while in the UK * LONG-TERM Many will remain in the long-term but many more claim they will eventually return to Poland * NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES Poland suffers from economic and social losses as a result of this migration * POSITIVE CONSEQUENCES Remittances are sent back to families to Poland * FURTHER CONSEQUENCES The Polish government had to recruit Indian workers to help it prepare for Euro 2012 football championship

How can we define refugees and asylum seekers, and what are the main differences between the two?

Asylum Seekers: People attempting to enter another country for permanent or temporary residence using the argument that their life would be under threat if they were returned to their own country. UNHCR says -An asylum seeker is a person who has left their country of origin, has applied for recognition as a refugee in another country, and is awaiting a decision on their application. UNHCR: the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

Refugee: People fleeing for their lives due to unfortunate, life threatening circumstances. "A person who has been forced to leave home and country because of a 'well founded fear of persecution' on account of race, religion, social group or political opinion. Source: Guinness How is the term 'refugee' misused? The term has slipped into common usage to cover a range of people, including those displaced by natural disaster or environmental change. Refugees are often confused with other migrants. Internally Displaced Person: someone who has been forced to leave his/her home for reasons similar to a refugee but who remains in the same country.

* You are going to independently research the above case study. However you must ensure that you include answers to the following questions in your write up: * Why did the independence of Uganda from the UK in 1962 lead to a small stream of refugees to the UK? * Why was the arrival of Idi Amin into power in 1972 of importance? What impact did it have on immigration? * Civil war has raged in the North of Uganda for the last 20 years. Why has this situation led to increased numbers of refugees both in neighbouring African countries and asylum seekers into the UK? * What have been the consequences of the migration both for Uganda and the UK?