Chapter 13 The Great War

Several factors lead to World War I, a conflict that devastates Europe and has a major impact on the world. What are the characteristics of: 1.Great Britain 2.France 3.Germany 4.Russia 5.Italy 6.Austria-Hungary 7.Ottoman Empire 8.U.S.A. Who were they friends with? Who did they struggle against?

Bell Ringers Nationalism Militarism Internal Dissent Alliances

Background in 1900 Industrialism and Imperialism United Kingdom, France, Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungary, Italy SE Europe: Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece Ottoman Empire Spain, Switzerland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Belgium, Portugal Africa, Asia USA

The Period in Perspective The period between 1914 and 1945 was one of the most destructive in the history of humankind. As many as 60 million people died as a result of World Wars I and II, the global conflicts that began and ended this era. As World War I was followed by revolutions, the Great Depression, totalitarian regimes, and the horrors of World War II, it appeared to many that European civilization had become a nightmare. By 1945, the era of European domination over world affairs had been severely shaken. With the decline of Western power, a new era of world history was about to begin.

Key Events As you read this chapter, look for the key events of World War I, the Russian Revolution, and the Paris Peace Conference.  Archduke Francis Ferdinand was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist.  Militarism, nationalism, and alliances drew nations into war.  The United States’s entry into the war helped the Allies.

Key Events As you read this chapter, look for the key events of World War I, the Russian Revolution, and the Paris Peace Conference. The impact of the war at home led to an increase in the federal government’s powers and changed the status of women.  The Russian Revolution ended with the Communists in power.

Key Events As you read this chapter, look for the key events of World War I, the Russian Revolution, and the Paris Peace Conference. Peace settlements caused lingering resentment.  The League of Nations was formed.

The Impact Today The events that occurred during this period still impact our lives today.  World War I led to the disintegration of empires and the creation of new states.  Communism became a factor in global conflict as other nations turned to its ideology.  The Balkans continue to be an area of political unrest.

Chapter Objectives After studying this chapter, you should be able to:  name the members of the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente.  summarize the causes of World War I.  describe the stalemate on the Western Front and events on the Eastern Front.  explain innovations in warfare.  explain what is meant by “total war” and its effects on society.

Chapter Objectives After studying this chapter, you should be able to: trace the fall of czarist Russia and the rise of the Communists.  explain the Allies’ victory.  list the major provisions of the Treaty of Versailles.

Section-1 Causes of the Great War Rising Tensions in Europe The Rise of Nationalism Europe enjoys peace in late 1800s but problems lie below surface Many thought this would bring peace in Europe; it didn’t. competition among nations Balkan groups demand independence

Nationalism A system of European nation-states developed during the 19 th century (1800s) Many thought this would bring peace in Europe; it didn’t. Nationalism and imperialism caused competition among nations The Problem with ethnic minorities with no nation: Irish under British rule; Slavic groups in the Balkans; Poles under Russian rule

Imperialism Competition for colonies Section-1 Causes of the Great War Rising Tensions in Europe

Militarism Mutual animosity leads European countries to engage in arms race Militarism—policy of glorifying military power and preparing for war Section-1 Causes of the Great War Rising Tensions in Europe

Militarism Def: aggressive preparation for war; growth of military and plans for war Size of armies grew rapidly Conscription: military draft; this was common in most Western European countries prior to the war Russia-1.3 million France-900,000 Germany-900,000 Others (British, Italian, A-H) between 250,000 and 500,000 each As armies grew, so did the power of military leaders In 1914 international decisions were made for military reasons rather than political reasons

Industrialism European countries have the ability to engage in arms race Section-1 Underlying Causes Rising Tensions in Europe

Continued... Tangled Alliances Bismarck Forges Early Pacts Germany’s Otto von Bismarck works to keep peace in Europe after 1871 Believes France wants revenge for loss in 1870 Franco-Prussian War Germany seeks to isolate the French with a series of treaties and alliances : - signs treaty with Russia in forms Triple Alliance—Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy—in 1882

Shifting Alliances Threaten Peace Kaiser Wilhelm II becomes German ruler (1888) Foreign policy changes begin in 1890 with dismissal of Bismarck -alliance with Russia dropped; Russia then allies with France -strengthening German navy, alarms Britain

System of Alliances 1882: Triple Alliance – Germany, Austria- Hungary, and Italy 1907: Triple Entente – France, United Kingdom and Russia Crises in the Balkans tested these alliances Austria-Hungary and Russia struggled against each other for control in the Balkans

Internal Dissent A desire to stop socialism, communism, and other internal problems. Section-1 Underlying Causes Rising Tensions in Europe

Internal Dissent what are these big words all about? Socialist labor movements grew more powerful (internal dissent) Anarchists were active (Pres. McK-1901) Workers and poor people were potentially revolutionary (change in political order, social order or economic order) Conservative leaders feared revolutions would develop across Europe Some historians believe that leaders went to war to stop internal problems

Continued... Tangled Alliances Triple Alliance (1882 ) 1.Germany 2.Austria-Hungary 3.Italy

Triple Entente ( 1907) 1.Britain 2.France 3.Russia

Crisis in the Balkans A Restless Region Many groups in Balkans win independence during early 1900s New nation of Serbia made up largely of Slavs Austria-Hungary annexes Slavic region Bosnia and Herzegovina (1908) Serbia outraged, because they want to be leader for all slavs.

Four causes of WWI also known as the Great War Nationalism, militarism, alliance system, imperialism Underlying causes: Industrialism, desire to stop internal dissent, Balkans, competition, no U.N. just needed a spark to ignite the powder keg.

Bell Ringers Archduke Francis Ferdinand Black Hand Partial Mobilization Full Mobilization Schlieffen Plan

Serbian Problem Remember the Ottoman Empire had controlled SE Europe (the Balkans) Some areas gained independence from the Ottomans Parts of the Balkans were under A-H control (Bosnia). Ethnic groups were many in this region. Slavs were a major ethnic group. Serbia was a Slavic nation. Russia wanted to support other Slavic people in the region to form a large Slavic nation. A-H didn’t want this influence in the region, because of its ethnic Slavs in Bosnia. Other European leaders saw the explosive situation in the Balkans.

Assassination in Sarajevo June 28, 1914: Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by a Serbian terrorist who belonged to an organization called Black Hand This was a conspiracy. Sarajevo was part of the A-H Empire with a large Serbian ethnic group. They wanted Bosnia to be free of A-H control to form a large Slavic nation with Serbia.

Austrian leaders responded They were not sure if the Serbian government was behind the plot or not, but they didn’t care; they wanted to attack Serbia A-H was scared of Russia, so… A-H leaders asked Emperor William II of Germany for support; he gave full support A-H made demands on Serbia that they could not meet and then A-H declared war on Serbia

Things happen quickly leading to war. July 28, 1914 A-H declared war on Serbia July 28, 1914 Czar Nicholas II of Russia (PPT4)ordered partial mobilization (process of assembling troops and supplies and making them ready for war; mobilization was considered an act of war) against A-H July 29, 1914 Russian military leaders explain how there could be only full mobilization and that included preparing for war against Germany; Nicholas orders a full mobilization August 1, 1914 Germany declares war on Russia

German military plan Schlieffen Plan: created by General Schlieffen called for a two-front war. This plan called for attacking France first, then Russia after France was conquered. Under this plan Germany could not attack only Russia…so, Germany declared war on France on August 3. Germany told Belgium that it would send troops through Belgium to attack France; Belgium was neutral. So… August 4, 1914: Great Britain declared war on Germany

Time line June 28, 1914: Archduke Franz Ferdinand is assassinated by a Serbian terrorist July 28, 1914 A-H declares war on Serbia July 29, 1914 Czar Nicholas II of Russia orders a full mobilization against A-H and Germany August 1, 1914 Germany declares war on Russia August 3, 1914 Germany declares war on France August 3, 1914 Germany violates Belgium neutrality August 4, 1914 England declares war on Germany

The two sides Allies Great Britain France Russia Italy, eventually Serbia USA Less known allies: –Romania, Greece, Portugal, Belgium (tried to be neutral), local Arabs (against Ottomans) Central Powers Germany Austria-Hungary Bulgaria Ottoman Empire

Map quiz UK a.k.a. Gr Br Germany Spain Portugal Switzerland A-H Ottoman Empire Greece France Sweden Belgium Albania Luxembourg Netherlands Italy Russia Serbia Romania Bulgaria Norway Denmark North Sea Black Sea Baltic Sea Mediterranean Sea

Sec Europeans went to war with remarkable enthusiasm…we’ll be home by Christmas. Young men “didn’t want to miss it” War was a romantic remembrance for many Propaganda: government spread information to influence public opinion for a cause and to stir up hatred for other nations. People thought their nations’ cause was just

Dein Vaterland ist in Gefahr, melde dich!.Dein Vaterland ist in Gefahr, melde dich!. German WW1 Propaganda Posters Dein Vaterland ist in Gefahr, melde dich!. LOC Summary: Poster shows a German soldier, holding a grenade in one hand and a rifle in the other; in background a barbed wire fence and flames

Western Front et-taxis-did-not-really-save-paris-germans- during-world-war-i /?no-isthttp:// et-taxis-did-not-really-save-paris-germans- during-world-war-i /?no-ist First Battle of the Marne: –Almost to Paris, but not quite –German defeat 256,000…. –Allies 263,000 (81,700 killed) – casualties.html?referrer= om/

American Civil War

Western Front…what is it? As German soldiers approached Paris they were stopped by the French. Each side began to dig ditches for protection. Trench Warfare developed Ditches for protection turned into trenches. Soon the Western Front was stabilized by trenches from the English Channel to Switzerland.

Trench Warfare Advanced weapons, repeating rifles and machine guns made the old infantry charge obsolete. (what is obsolete?) Stayed the same for 4 years What was the trench like? Standing water, Trench foot, sewage, lice, dying, food, boredom, fear, cold, “live and let live”, Christmas carols Christmas Truce Great loss of lives

Trench warefare i/world-war-i-history/videos/trench- warfare# i/world-war-i-history/videos/trench- warfare# Backpacks in WWI: i/world-war-i-history/videos/world-war-i- soldiers-learn-to- pack?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f =1&free=false

Diagram of Trenches artillery far in the back machine gun nests barbed wire in front of trenches British French No Man’s Land German Machine Gun Nest Machine Gun Nest

Tactics of trench warfare Old military school tactics were mostly based on maneuver and movement The new and futile tactic was called the “breakthrough” First artillery would soften up the enemy, then the infantry would run through the area just bombed. How do you think that worked?

Numerous breakthrough attempts by both sides led to millions of deaths WWI had turned into a war of attrition (war based on wearing the other side down with heavy casualties)

Eastern Front More mobile, high cost of lives Russians defeated and pushed back A-H defeated by Russians in Serbia and Galicia, then Germany came to help A-H and pushed Russians back in Galicia Result for Russia…2.5 million killed, captured or wounded Then Italy switched sides and attacked A-H. (May 1915) Bulgaria joined Germany and A-H in Sept This led to a defeat of Serbia. These successes in the East allowed Germany to put more effort in the West.

Attempts to broaden the war Gallipoli Allies tried to find a new strategy; they turned to the East Allies decide to open a front in the Balkans at Gallipoli, area of the Dardanelles, SW of Constantinople (April 1915) This was a disaster, Allies withdrew

Attempts to broaden the war Italy Allies promised Italy land from A-H if Italy opened a front

Zimmerman Telegram Sent from Germany to Mexico Secret to try to get Mexico to invade USA January 16, 1917

Attempts to broaden the war the Middle East 1917: Lawrence of Arabia, a British military officer urged local Arab princes to revolt against their Ottoman rulers British forces in Egypt defeated Ottomans in the Middle East with soldiers from Indian, Australia, and New Zealand

What about Germany’s colonies? They lost all of their colonies. Africa: most of Germany’s colonies were defeated by Allies. Pacific: Australia took some of Germany’s island colonies. Japan took some other of Germany’s colonial islands.

Naval War Britain used its large navy to blockade Germany. This prevented supplies from reaching Germany from abroad.

Why did the USA stay out of the war? Isolationism was the prevailing thought USA was brought in because of U-boat attacks Lusitania: May 7, 1915; British passenger vessel was sunk off the coast of Ireland by a U-boat (1,000 civilians died, 123 US citizens) “Remember the Lusitania” But then Germany agreed to stop attacking civilian targets…for a while Then in January 1917, German naval officers reinstituted unrestricted submarine warfare. Why? They thought that Britain would starve before the US would enter the war and send military…they were wrong April 1917, US entered the war, large numbers of troops didn’t arrive until 1918.

Why did the USA join the war? January 1917, German naval officers reinstituted unrestricted submarine warfare.

Home front Total War: a complete mobilization of resources and people. Civilians involved in the war effort. Lives were affected far from the front. Government control of the economy was increased in many countries to provide for the war effort. Free market systems were now under government control: price fixing, wage controls, rent controls, rationing of food and other materials, transportation systems were nationalized European countries set up Planned Economies (systems directed by government agencies)

Public Opinion Massive casualties made civilians in all countries question the cause. Governments controlled the media, and produced propaganda to keep up enthusiasm for war.

Firsts Zepplins bombed London Airplanes first used in warfare –observation –Some bombing –Machine guns were mounted –“Red Baron” (German)

Firsts Tanks Machine guns Poison gas

Women New roles for women Factories, farm laborers, truck drivers Many lived in their own apartments and showed independence All these jobs were thought of as temporary until the men returned But women did get the right to vote in several countries following the Great War