1. WWI Consumes Europe

2. Assassination in Sarajevo Austria Hungary blamed Serbia for the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand A/H gave Serbia an Ultimatum—final set of demands A/H wanted to end all nationalist activities in Serbia

3. Alliance System Collapses Serbia agreed to most of the demands, but not all July 28, 1914 — A/H declared war on Serbia Russia mobilized troops – allies with Serbia Germany – allies with Austria-Hungary - responds to Russian troop mobilization & declares war with Russia

4. (Aug 3) Germany also declares war on France because France is allied with Russia Two Front War  Eastern Front Russia vs. Germany and A/H  Western Front France vs. Germany and A/H

5. Schlieffen Plan German plan German Army would defeat France first and then return to fight Russia in the East This required going through Belgium (illegal - Neutral Country) England was allied with Belgium England declares war on Germany (Aug 4, 1914)

6. Phase I of the Schlieffen Plan – Germany to Attack France through Belgium (neutral)

7. European Nations Take Sides Central Powers Germany A/H Bulgaria Ottoman Empire Allied Powers England Russia / Serbia France Italy Japan 1917 - USA

9. Neutral Albania Spain Denmark Sweden Netherlands Switzerland USA (Until 1917)

10. By October 1914 – Stalemate on Western Front Neither side victorious Battle of the Marne (Sept 1914) Allied attack on Germans in Marne Valley N/E of Paris Germans driven back Schlieffen Plan had failed to prevent Germany from fighting a 2-front war – German generals fear the worst Russia had invaded Germany from the East

12. Eastern Front – Russia attacks Area from Baltic Sea to Black Sea Russians and Serbs vs. Germans, A/H, and Turks Russia was not industrialized – no modern military technology Russian Soldiers lacked essential supplies; Russia did not have enough RR to move troops quickly However, Russia had more manpower than the Central Powers

13. Eastern Front – WWI

14. Trench Warfare (Early 1915) On Western Front Armies from both sides dug miles of parallel trenches to protect themselves from enemy fire Stretched 500 miles from North Sea to Swiss Border DRAW trench system in your notes  No Man’s Land  Barbed Wire

16. “Over the top” after a shot of vodka

19. New Weaponry Poison Gas Tanks Machine Guns Aircraft (used mainly for spying first) Larger Artillery

20. Tanks

21. Machine Guns

23. Poison Gas

24. Large Artillery

25. Flamethrowers

26. Airplanes

28. Submarines -- German U-boat

29. 1915-1916 Soldier death rates increase Battle of Verdun 1916 — 300,000 French and German Deaths Germans gained about 4 miles Battle of the Somme — 1916 — 500,000 French and German Deaths Allied troops gained about 5 miles

30. Shell Shock – post traumatic stress disorder from trench bombardments