WHI.6 Ancient Rome 700 BCE-500 CE (AD)

Rome’s Location F The city of Rome was centrally located in the Mediterranean Basin on the Italian peninsula and was far from eastern Mediterranean powers. F Three geographic features important to Rome: F Italian Peninsula F Alps Mountains- protection in the north F Mediterranean Sea- protection & sea trade (commerce = $) F The city of Rome was centrally located in the Mediterranean Basin on the Italian peninsula and was far from eastern Mediterranean powers. F Three geographic features important to Rome: F Italian Peninsula F Alps Mountains- protection in the north F Mediterranean Sea- protection & sea trade (commerce = $)

Advantages to Rome’s Location F Located in the middle of the Mediterranean world. F Italian peninsula protected by the Med. Sea and the Alps Mountains. F Because of its location, Rome was able to extend its influence over the entire Mediterranean Basin. F Located in the middle of the Mediterranean world. F Italian peninsula protected by the Med. Sea and the Alps Mountains. F Because of its location, Rome was able to extend its influence over the entire Mediterranean Basin.

Rome’s Beginning F The Roman epic story, the Aeneid by Virgil, tells of a Trojan prince Aeneas escaping the burning of Troy by the Greeks and building a town along the banks of the Tiber River in Italy. F According to legend, Rome was founded by Romulus and Remus. F The Roman epic story, the Aeneid by Virgil, tells of a Trojan prince Aeneas escaping the burning of Troy by the Greeks and building a town along the banks of the Tiber River in Italy. F According to legend, Rome was founded by Romulus and Remus.

Rome’s Beginning Cont’d F Rome’s history is divided into 3 parts: F Monarchy, Republic, Empire F Three groups who influenced the Roman culture: F Etruscans- northern Italian rulers (monarchy) F Latins- lower class who rebelled against the Etruscan rulers and established a republic F Greeks- parts of Greek culture influenced Rome, such as language and religion F Rome’s history is divided into 3 parts: F Monarchy, Republic, Empire F Three groups who influenced the Roman culture: F Etruscans- northern Italian rulers (monarchy) F Latins- lower class who rebelled against the Etruscan rulers and established a republic F Greeks- parts of Greek culture influenced Rome, such as language and religion

Social Structure in the Roman Republic F Three social classes in Rome: F Patricians- powerful nobility, upper class (minority-few in number) F Plebeians- common people, NOT of noble birth, merchants, farmers, townsmen, laborers (Majority of population) F Slaves- Victims of conquest or debt (NOT based on race) F Three social classes in Rome: F Patricians- powerful nobility, upper class (minority-few in number) F Plebeians- common people, NOT of noble birth, merchants, farmers, townsmen, laborers (Majority of population) F Slaves- Victims of conquest or debt (NOT based on race)

Roman citizenship F Who was a citizen in the Roman Republic? F Patrician and Plebeian men F Selected foreigners F Who was excluded from the Roman Republic? F Women F Most aliens (non-Romans) F slaves F What were the rights and responsibilities of Roman citizenship? F Pay taxes F Military service F Who was a citizen in the Roman Republic? F Patrician and Plebeian men F Selected foreigners F Who was excluded from the Roman Republic? F Women F Most aliens (non-Romans) F slaves F What were the rights and responsibilities of Roman citizenship? F Pay taxes F Military service

Roman Government- Republic F The Romans established a republic in 509 BCE. F A republic is a representative democracy- a democratic form of government where citizens have the power to elect representatives to make and enforce laws. F Although women, most non-Romans, and slaves were excluded from the governing process, it was a major development towards democracy. F The Roman republic became a foundation of modern democracy. F The Romans established a republic in 509 BCE. F A republic is a representative democracy- a democratic form of government where citizens have the power to elect representatives to make and enforce laws. F Although women, most non-Romans, and slaves were excluded from the governing process, it was a major development towards democracy. F The Roman republic became a foundation of modern democracy.

Parts of Roman Democracy F Consuls- Executive branch F Two men served one year terms, could veto each other, “co-presidents” F Senate and Assembly- Legislative branch F Write and pass laws F Tribunes- Plebeian representatives F Judges- Judiciary branch F Eight judges served one year terms, chosen from Assembly F Twelve Tables- Rome’s laws F Consuls- Executive branch F Two men served one year terms, could veto each other, “co-presidents” F Senate and Assembly- Legislative branch F Write and pass laws F Tribunes- Plebeian representatives F Judges- Judiciary branch F Eight judges served one year terms, chosen from Assembly F Twelve Tables- Rome’s laws

Roman Laws = Twelve Tables F Laws of Rome were codified as the Twelve Tables F Based on the idea that all Roman citizens (patricians and plebeians) had the right of protection under the law. F The Twelve Tables were displayed in the Roman Forum (downtown) so that everyone could see the laws. F Laws of Rome were codified as the Twelve Tables F Based on the idea that all Roman citizens (patricians and plebeians) had the right of protection under the law. F The Twelve Tables were displayed in the Roman Forum (downtown) so that everyone could see the laws.

Structure of the Roman Republic Consul SenateAssembly of Centuries Tribunes- representatives for plebs, veto power Assembly of Tribes- group of plebs who elected Tribunes 2 men, 1 year term, oversaw judges and officials Executive Branch  Legislative Branch  300 patricians Most powerful Laws, foreign policy 100 patricians and plebeians Limited power

The Punic Wars- Roman Military F Rome’ power was based on its military strength. F Roman soldiers were known as Legionnaires. F They were mostly citizen farmers and were highly disciplined, loyal, and well-armed. F Roman conquests brought money (in the form of taxes) and slaves to the Roman economy. F Rome’ power was based on its military strength. F Roman soldiers were known as Legionnaires. F They were mostly citizen farmers and were highly disciplined, loyal, and well-armed. F Roman conquests brought money (in the form of taxes) and slaves to the Roman economy.

Carthage F Carthage was originally a Phoenician trading port in North Africa. F The term “Punic” comes from the Latin word Punici, which meant Phoenicia. F At the time, Carthage was the richest city in the Mediterranean area, a great naval power, and it dominated Mediterranean sea trade. F Carthage was originally a Phoenician trading port in North Africa. F The term “Punic” comes from the Latin word Punici, which meant Phoenicia. F At the time, Carthage was the richest city in the Mediterranean area, a great naval power, and it dominated Mediterranean sea trade.

Punic Wars BCE F The Punic Wars (series of 3) were fought between Rome and Carthage over competition for Mediterranean trade. F First Punic War- Rome defeated Carthage at sea due to Rome’s new navy (modeled after Carthaginian ships). Carthage had to pay Rome retributions (money). F The Punic Wars (series of 3) were fought between Rome and Carthage over competition for Mediterranean trade. F First Punic War- Rome defeated Carthage at sea due to Rome’s new navy (modeled after Carthaginian ships). Carthage had to pay Rome retributions (money).

F Second Punic War- The Carthaginian general, Hannibal, led Carthage against Rome. F He sailed to Europe, marched through Spain and France, crossed the Alps Mountains and invaded the Italian peninsula from the north with the help of his war elephants. F He was not able to invade the city of Rome F Second Punic War- The Carthaginian general, Hannibal, led Carthage against Rome. F He sailed to Europe, marched through Spain and France, crossed the Alps Mountains and invaded the Italian peninsula from the north with the help of his war elephants. F He was not able to invade the city of Rome

F The Roman general Scipio led the Roman army into Africa to attack Carthage. F Hannibal returned to defend Carthage and was defeated at Zama (North Africa) in 202 BCE. F Again, Carthage was forced to pay Rome retributions. F The Roman general Scipio led the Roman army into Africa to attack Carthage. F Hannibal returned to defend Carthage and was defeated at Zama (North Africa) in 202 BCE. F Again, Carthage was forced to pay Rome retributions.

Punic Wars BCE Cont’d F Third Punic War- Carthage was no longer a threat fifty years later but Rome returned to finish Carthage. F Rome burned Carthage, sold its remaining population into slavery, and sowed salt into its soil. F Results of the three Punic Wars: F Roman victory F The destruction of Carthage F Rome expanded its trade and wealth F Third Punic War- Carthage was no longer a threat fifty years later but Rome returned to finish Carthage. F Rome burned Carthage, sold its remaining population into slavery, and sowed salt into its soil. F Results of the three Punic Wars: F Roman victory F The destruction of Carthage F Rome expanded its trade and wealth

Spread of Roman culture F After the victory over Carthage in the Punic Wars, Rome was able, over the next 100 years, to dominate the Mediterranean basin, leading to the diffusion (spread) of Roman culture. F The Roman government evolved from a Republic to an Empire, and Roman culture spread to: F the Mediterranean basin- Africa, Asia, Europe (including the Hellenistic world of the Eastern Mediterranean) F Western Europe- Spain, Gaul (France), Germany and the British Isles F After the victory over Carthage in the Punic Wars, Rome was able, over the next 100 years, to dominate the Mediterranean basin, leading to the diffusion (spread) of Roman culture. F The Roman government evolved from a Republic to an Empire, and Roman culture spread to: F the Mediterranean basin- Africa, Asia, Europe (including the Hellenistic world of the Eastern Mediterranean) F Western Europe- Spain, Gaul (France), Germany and the British Isles

From Republic to Empire  The Roman Republic, in the face of changing social and economic conditions, succumbed to civil war, and was replaced by an imperial regime, the Roman Empire.

Causes for the Decline of the Roman Republic F Spread of slavery in the agricultural system F Migration of small farmers into cities and unemployment F Civil war over the power of Julius Caesar F Devaluation of Roman currency: inflation

The Origin and evolution of Imperial Rome F First triumvirate (government where the power is shared by three people)  change from democracy to 3 man rule F Julius Caesar-seized power, assassinated, civil war began  Augustus Caesar-ended civil war, defeated Marc Antony  became Rome ’ s first emperor F Roman Empire-unified and enlarged by using imperial authority and the military F Failure to provide for peaceful succession of next emperors

Pax Romana and Its Impact F Augustus Caesar established the Roman Empire by instituting civil service, rule by law, common currency (coinage), and secured travel and trade throughout the Empire. F Following Augustus Caesar, the Roman Empire enjoyed 200 years of peace and prosperity known as the Pax Romana.

The Pax Romana F Two centuries of peace and prosperity under imperial rule F Expansion and solidification of the Roman Empire, particularly in the Near East

Economic Impact of the Pax Romana- $ F Established uniform system of money, which helped to expand trade F Guaranteed safe travel and trade on Roman roads F Peace promoted prosperity and stability

Social Impact of the Pax Romana F Returned stability to social classes F Increased emphasis on the family F Advanced in art, architecture, science and literature

Political Impact of the Pax Romana- F Created a civil service F Developed a uniform rule of law

Roman Contributions to Western Civilizations F Conquests and trade spread Roman culture and technological achievements throughout the Empire. F Western civilization was influenced by these cultural achievements of Rome.

Art/Architecture F Pantheon F Colosseum F Forum

Technology F Roads- Appian Way F Aqueducts F Roman arches

Science F Ptolemy- Astronomy

Medicine F Emphasis on public health F Public baths, public water system, medical schools

Languages F Latin F Romance languages (French, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish)

Literature  Virgil ’ s Aeneid

Religion F Roman Mythology F Christianity adopted as imperial religion

Law  Principal of “ innocent until proven guilty ” from the Twelve Tables F Republic basis for modern democracy

CHRISTIANITY IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE The followers of Jesus spread Christianity throughout the Roman Empire, bringing it into conflict with Roman polytheism and eventually changing Western civilization.

Origins of Christianity  Christianity had its roots in Judaism  Jewish prophets had foretold the coming of a messiah for years  Jewish prophets such as Abraham and Moses are important in Christianity as well  The Jewish Torah is known as the first 5 books of the Christian Old Testament

Life of Jesus Christ  Jewish, born in Bethlehem, raised in Nazareth  Believed to be both the Son and Incarnation of God on earth  Preached ideas of monotheism, repentance and forgiveness of sins, and life after death  In 33 CE (AD), he was arrested and executed (crucified) on a cross in Jerusalem  After three days, Jesus was resurrected (rose from the dead)  Man’s sins are forgiven and he has life after death through Jesus’ crucifixion and resurrection

Christian Beliefs  Holy text  Bible  Old Testament- Jewish writings  New Testament- accounts of the life and teachings of Jesus and writings of early Christians like Paul  House of worship  church  Holy Trinity: 3 forms of God- Father, Son, Holy Spirit  Christian doctrine was established by early church councils

Spread of Christianity  Jesus’ message was very popular with the poor and downtrodden  Early Christian martyrs who died for their beliefs inspired other Christians  Christianity was carried throughout the Roman Empire by disciples and the Apostles  Paul was the most significant Apostle, he established churches throughout the eastern Mediterranean

Spread of Christianity continued  The spread of Christianity was slowed as a result of persecution by Roman authorities. (Remember, monotheistic Christianity came in conflict with polytheistic Roman mythology.)  Christian martyrs were executed in the Colosseum.  Christianity was later adopted and legalized by the Emperor Constantine in 312 CE (AD).

Impact of the Christian Church  As the Roman Empire declined in the West, the Church in Rome grew in importance, membership, and influence.  The Church became an example of moral authority (what is right and what is wrong).  Loyalty to the church became more important than loyalty to the Emperor.  The Church became the main unifying force in Western Europe when the Roman Empire fell.

 2nd major monotheistic religion (one God)  Largest religion in the world  Concentrated in Europe, North and South America Christianity Today

Decline and Fall of the Western Roman Empire Over a 300-year period, the western part of the Roman Empire steadily declined because of internal (inside) and external (outside) problems.

Why did the Western Roman Empire fall? Geographic size: the Roman Empire became very large, making it too difficult to defend and administer (manage) Economy: it became too costly (expensive) to defend the large empire devaluation of Roman currency ($ lost value)

Why did the Western Roman Empire fall? Military: members of the Roman army started to include non- Romans; little loyalty to Rome meant a decline in discipline Moral Decay: People lost faith in Rome and the family

Why did the Western Roman Empire fall? Political Problems: Civil conflict (fighting within the empire) Weak administration (bad emperors, senators, etc.) Invasion: Rome’s borders were attacked by invaders: Germanic tribes (Vandals, Visigoths, Franks), Angles-Saxons, Huns, etc.

Division of the Roman Empire Emperor Diocletian divided the empire in 284 CE (AD) because the empire became too large to manage  Western Empire in Rome; Eastern Empire in Constantinople (Byzantium) The capital was moved by Emperor Constantine from Rome to Byzantium in 330 CE (AD). Why?  it was easier to defend and Byzantium was renamed Constantinople Two emperors: one in Rome (west) and one in Constantinople (east)

End of the Western Roman Empire = Rise of the Eastern Roman Empire The Western Roman Empire survived until 476 CE (AD), when it ceased to have a Roman Emperor (Odoacer became the first barbarian king of the western empire) The Eastern Roman Empire continued to flourish and it became known as the Byzantine Empire