1. Early Rome & Republic

2. Persian Empire ended by Alexander the Great
Shift in Power
Persian Empire ended by Alexander the Great
Greece civilization on the decline
Power shifts towards the Italian Peninsula
Along the Tiber River

3. Sculpture and architecture Literature Built upon the Tiber River
Contributions from Greeks
Early Romans
Alphabet
Sculpture and architecture
Literature
Built upon the Tiber River
Seven hills
Different cultures
The Latins; first “Romans”
Latin becomes language of Rome
Etruscans from N. Italy
Greeks in Southern Italy
Mainly trade colonies

4. Contributions from Etruscans
Monarchy To Republic
Contributions from Etruscans
Toga
Roads
Army organization
Etruscans were kings from B.C.E.
Monarchy ends; republic established
Republic: a form of government in which the leader is not a king and certain citizens have the right to vote

5. Monarchy To Republic Republic begins to drastically expand
Conquered most of Italian peninsula
Overthrew Greeks in southern Italy
Roman Confederation
Some people were full citizens (Latins)
Others became allies (provided soldiers)

6. Why Were they Successful?
Qualities of duty, courage, and discipline
Sometimes used dictators (temporary rulers)
Keys to success:
Good diplomats (cautious about citizenship)
Excellent military; good strategists
Colonies built around Rome (roads connecting them)
Practical in law (responsive institutions)

7. Political Structure of Republic
Two groups:
Patricians (aristocrats)
Plebeians (middle/lower class)
Only patricians served in office
Plebeians vs. Patricians
Patricians dominated legislature
Patricians still used wealth for political influence

8. Roman Government Democratic Aristocratic Executive Centuriate Assembly
Senate (Different than U.S.)
Advisory branch
Controlled money and foreign affairs
Consisted of two consuls
Ran government and led army
Praetors enforced civil law; another added for non citizens
Also served as judges and religious leaders

9. Democratic (all citizens)
Aristocratic
Senate (Different than U.S.)
Only patricians; served for life
Advisory branch; still had the force of law
Roman Government
Democratic (all citizens)
Centuriate Assembly- Elected executive leaders
Plebeians given the Tribune
Could veto Patricians
Executive
Consisted of two consuls
Ran government and led army
Praetors enforced civil law; another added for non citizens

10. Twelve Tables of Rome Law of Nations Roman Law First law code
Eventually became more sophisticated, but only for Roman citizens
Law of Nations
Universal; both citizens and non- citizens
Standards of justice
Similarities to U.S. Constitution
Innocent until proven guilty
Trial by jury
Property rights

11. Punic Wars ( B.C.E.)
What advantages might Rome have over the Carthaginian Empire?

12. Rome creates powerful navy (needed to win the war)
First Punic War (264 B.C.E.)
Rome vs. Carthage
Fought over Sicily (controlled by Carthage)
Rome creates powerful navy (needed to win the war)
Roman success!
Gained Sicily; Carthage pays a fine

13. General vs. General!
Publius Cornelius Scipio
Hannibal Barca

14. Hannibal invades Iberia (Spain) to attack Rome
2nd Punic War (218 B.C.E.)
Short peace
Rome insights revolts in Iberia (Spain)
Hannibal invades Iberia (Spain) to attack Rome
Crossing the Alps=huge casualties
Could not get to Rome; eventually forced back

15. Carthage pretty decimated
3rd Punic War (149 B.C.E.)
Carthage pretty decimated
Massive debt and attacked by neighbors
Politician Cato called for its complete destruction
Siege and destruction of Carthage
Lasted 3 years
Eventually breached, sacked, and burned for 10 days

18. Other Conquests Macedonia a Roman province in 148 B.C.E.
Also fought with Hellenistic kingdoms
Macedonia a Roman province in 148 B.C.E.
Greece soon followed
Rome now dominates the entire Mediterranean