1. Rome
Location – Rome is centrally located in the Mediterranean Basin and distant from Eastern Mediterranean powers.
-Country – Italian peninsula
-Alps mountains – provided protection
-Mediterranean Sea – protection and sea-borne commerce
-Rome became the center of trade

3. Rome is in a great location because: - It is sheltered from invasion by mountains and ocean - It is a perfect location for trading

4. Rome Punic Wars – Rome vs. Carthage (264 – 146 B.C./B.C.E.)
Rome and Carthage (Africa) were in competition over trade.
Hannibal (general from Carthage) invaded the Italian Peninsula through the Alps.
Results:
Three wars resulted in Roman victory, destruction of Carthage and expanded trade and wealth for Rome.

5. Rome Roman mythology was based on the Greek polytheistic religion
Mythology provided explanations of natural phenomena, human qualities, and life events
Roman gods/goddesses:
Jupiter – supreme god
Juno – Jupiter’s wife
Apollo – god of music and poetry
Diana – goddess of hunting and childbirth
Minerva – goddess of wisdom
Venus – goddess of love and beauty
- Symbols and images of gods/goddesses used in literature, art, and architecture

6. Roman Empire/Imperial Rome – government ran by an emperor
Rome went through several stages of government:
Roman Republic – government ran with input from people (similar to a democracy)
Roman Empire/Imperial Rome – government ran by an emperor

7. Rome Roman Republic (where voters elect officials to run the state)
Social structure
Upper class – Patricians – powerful nobility who controlled the government, few in number
Lower class – Plebeians – farmers and workers, majority of the population
Slaves – not based on race

8. Rome Citizenship of the Roman Republic
Citizens were patrician and plebeian men.
Some selected foreigners who contributed to the Roman economy could be citizens.
Right and responsibilities included: vote, pay taxes, provide military service

9. Rome Features of Roman democracy
Representative democracy – vote for leaders to represent the people
Assemblies – voted on laws and elected officials
The Senate – controlled public funds and decided foreign policy
Consuls – chief executives who represented the patricians (upper class)
Tribunes – represented the plebeians (lower class)
Laws of Rome codified as the Twelve Tables

10. Rome Causes for the decline of the Roman Republic
Spread of slavery in the agricultural system
Migration of small farmers into cities = unemployment
Civil war over the power of Julius Caesar
Devaluation of Roman currency = inflation (when prices rise and demand falls)
Use of violence rises

11. Rome Origin and evolution of Imperial Rome
First triumvirate (rule of 3) was formed: Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus
Julius Caesar – very popular general who seized power, civil wars over his power, assassinated by friends on the Ides of March (March 15)
Second triumvirate was formed: Marc Anthony, Octavian, Lepidus
Marc Anthony commits suicide

12. Aside on Julius Caesar:
very popular general who seized power, civil wars over his power, assassinated by friends on the Ides of March (March 15)
Why was Julius Caesar assassinated?
- Other politicians were afraid of his ambitions and popularity

13. Rome Imperial Rome cont’d.
Augustus Caesar – civil wars over power, defeat of Marc Anthony, became Rome’s first emperor
The Roman Empire unified and enlarged, using imperial authority and the military.
There was failure to provide peaceful succession of Emperors.

14. Rome Evolution of the Roman Empire and spread of Roman culture
In the Mediterranean basin, Rome spread to:
Africa, Asia, Europe (including the Hellenistic world of the Eastern Mediterranean)
Western Europe (Gaul/France, British Isles)

15. Rome Pax Romana – Latin for Roman peace
200 centuries of peace and prosperity under imperial rule
Led to the expansion and solidification of the Roman Empire, particularly in the Near East

16. Rome Economic impact of the Pax Romana Social impact of the Pax Romana
Established uniform (same) system of money, which helped to expand trade
Guaranteed safe travel and trade on Roman roads
Promoted prosperity and stability
Social impact of the Pax Romana
Returned stability to social classes
Increased emphasis on the family

17. Rome Political impact of the Pax Romana Created a civil service
Developed uniform rule of law

18. Rome New religion was introduced to Rome - Christianity
Had its roots in Judaism
Was led by Jesus of Nazareth who was proclaimed the Messiah (Savior)
Conflicted with polytheistic beliefs of Roman Empire

19. Rome Beliefs, traditions, and customs of Christianity
Monotheistic religion
Jesus was both the Son and incarnation (human form) of God
Life after death
New Testament – contained accounts of the life and teachings of Jesus, as well as writings of early Christians
Christian doctrine established by early church councils

20. Rome Spread of Christianity
Carried by the Apostles (Paul) throughout the Roman Empire
Early martyrs (someone who suffers for a belief) inspired others
Slowed as a result of persecution by Roman authorities
Adopted and legalized by Emperor Constantine

21. Rome Impact of the (Christian) Church of Rome in the late Roman Empire
Emperor Constantine converted to Christianity and made it legal.
Christianity later became the official state religion.
The Church became a source of moral authority.
Loyalty to the Church became more important than loyalty to the Emperor.
The Church became the main unifying force of Western Europe.

22. Emperor Constantien - Constantine was the winner in a battle between co-emperors to become sole emperor - Constantine made Christianity the official religion of Rome and moved the capital to Istanbul (renaming it Constantinople)

23. Rome Contributions of ancient Rome –
Art/architecture: Pantheon (temple for the gods), Colosseum (arena), Forum (center of government business)
Technology: roads, aqueducts (transported water to towns), Roman arches
Science: Ptolemy
Medicine: emphasis on public health (public baths, public water system, medical schools)

24. Rome Contributions of Rome cont’d.
Language: Latin (origin of Romance languages – French, Spanish, Italian)
Literature: Virgil’s Aeneid (poem on the fall of Troy)
Religion: Roman mythology and the adoption of Christianity as the imperial religion
Law: the principle of “innocent until proven guilty” (from the Twelve Tables)

25. Rome
Why Rome fell:
Geographic size – difficulty of defense and administration
Economy – cost of defense and devaluation of Roman currency
Military – army membership starting to include non-Romans, resulting in decline of discipline

26. Rome Causes for the decline of the Western Roman Empire cont’d.
Moral decay – people’s loss of faith in Rome and the family
Political problems – civil conflict and weak administration
Invasion – attacks on borders

27. Rome Division of Roman Empire
Move of capital by Constantine from Rome to Byzantium, renaming it Constantinople
Survival of Western Roman Empire until 476 A.D./C.E., when it ceased to have a Roman Emperor
Eastern Roman Empire renamed the Byzantine Empire