ECOSYSTEMS Hutchinson Lehi Jr HS

ECOSYSTEMS Ecosystems – All the organisms living together Ecology – Study of How organism interact with others & the environment Populations – Same Species living in the same place Community – Populations sharing the environment Species – Group of organisms that can mate and reproduce offspring

FACTORS THAT AFFECT POPLUATIONS Food - needed for Energy Water – Cells & Tissues moves materials around bodied Light – Photosynthesis Shelter – Protection Living Space – Room to live, obtain Resources, and Reproduce.

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN POPULATIONS Competition - Using the same limited resources Predation – One eats another species – Prey – Eaten by the other – Predator - Eats the other Symbiosis – Close relationship between 2 species – Mutualism – Both Benefit – Commensalism – One Benefits / Other unaffected – Parasitism – Organism feds off another species – Host – Organism that the Parasites feeds off

FEEDING RELATIONSHIPS All organism need energy to live. Each group is based on HOW they get Energy. PRODUCERS (Make their own food - Autotrophs) CONSUMERS (Eats other organisms - Hetrotrophs) – Herbivores (Plant-eaters – Cow, Deer) – Carnivores (Meat-eaters – Wolf, Eagles) – Scavengers (Eat remains left behind by other organisms – Crabs & Hyenas) – Omnivores (Plant & Meat eaters – Raccoons, People) DECOMPOSERS (Eat Remains or waste from other organisms - Bacteria & Fungi)

Energy Decreases Biomass Decreases Number of Organism Decreases ENERGY TRANSFERS

FOOD CHAINS Traces the path of energy as it moves from one organism to another. Everything starts with the SUN!! PRODUCERS gets the energy from the SUN PRIMARY CONSUMER (Herbivores/Omnivores) gets energy from the plants (producers) SECONDARY CONSUMER gets the energy from the organisms it eats. DECOMPOSER gets energy and recycles it back to the plants when organisms die or make waste products.

FOOD WEBS Food chains only show 1 energy pathway. A B C D The food web shows the complex overlapping of food chains.

FOOD WEB

ENERGY CYCLES Producers (Plants) – Photosynthesis Consumers – Primary Consumer Herbivores / Omnivores – Secondary Consumer Carnivores / Omnivores Decomposers – Fungi / Worms

Decomposition Producers (Algae, Plants & Trees) Primary Consumer (Herbivores/Omnivores) 2 nd Consumer (Carnivores/Omnivores) 3 rd Consumer (Carnivores / Omnivores) Wolf Rabbit Grasses Grizzly Bear Fungus Fly Pond Algae Ducks Snake Wolf

ENERGY TRANSFERS SUN – Original Source of ALL Energy PHOTOSYNTHESIS – Plant makes food from CO2 + H2O + Energy = C6H12O6 + O2 RESPIRATION – (inhale / exhale) DECOMPOSITION  Water Cycle  Nitrogen Cycle (decomposition)  Carbon / Oxygen Cycle (respiration)

DECOMPOSITION Sun - Energy  Primary Consumers Herbivores  Producers – Trees & Plants Plants take in Exhaled CO2 Waste Products & Dead Organisms Plants Release O2  2 ND Consumers PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESPIRATION  Decomposers

WATER CYCLE EVAPORATION – by sun or energy CONDENSATION - Clouds STORAGE - Clouds PRECIPITATION – Rain, Hail, Ice, etc… STORAGE – Ice- Oceans – Lakes- Ground Water – Organisms- Glaciers

Condensation Water Storage Precipation Evaporation Runoff

CARBON & OXYGEN CYCLE PRODUCERS (plants) release oxygen (O2) into the air. PHOTOSYNTHESIS CONSUMERS (species) release Carbon dioxide (CO2) into the air. RESPIRATION. DECOMPOSERS release / recycle the Carbon and Oxygen atoms. Producers, Decomposers, & Consumers have a mutualism relationship. One could not survive without the other.

NITROGEN CYCLE Nitrogen is needed to build Protiens that make up structures in living organisms. 78% of the Earth’s Atmoshere Nitrogen atoms combine with other atoms causing – Nitrogen Fixation so Plants can use nitrogen and start it in the food chain. Bacteria decompose (breaks down) Waste Products and Dead organisms to return nitrogen back into a gas form.

Carbon Cycle Nitrogen Cycle Photo-synthesis

SUCCESSION SUCCESSION – Natural process when one community of species replaces another. PIONEER SPECIES – First Organisms to area NON-NATIVE SPECIES – New to area. Tends to crowd out others. COLONIZE - Community reaches a STABLE point.

BIOMES BIOMES are large regions having a distinct CLIMATE & SPECIFIC type of PLANT & ANIMAL life.

BIOMES REGIONS COMMON TYPES: – TUNDRA- RAIN FOREST – GRASSLANDS- DECIDUOUS FOREST – DESERT- MOUNTAIN – SALTWATER- FRESHWATER – CONIFEROUS FOREST