© 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers

two techniques to show how ideas are related to one another: –Transitions –Thought Patterns

© 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers words and phrases (also, such as, but) that signal thought patterns show logical relationships within a sentence and between sentences.

© 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers established by using transitions show the logical relationship between ideas in a paragraph or passage.

© 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Weightlifting builds and tones muscles; it also builds bone density.

© 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Robert and Dorothy had a fantastic time when they vacationed at Valhalla Resort on Marathon Key in Florida. They woke up before dawn every day so that they would not miss the beautiful sunrises….

© 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers –T–Time Order Pattern –S–Space Order Pattern –L–Listing Pattern –C–Classification Pattern

generally shows chain of events. actions/events listed in chronological order (order in which they occur) two types: –Narration –Process

© 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers  After  Afterward  As  Before  Currently  During  Eventually  Finally  First  Last  Later  While  Meanwhile  Next  Now  Often  Previously  Second  Since  Soon  Then  Ultimately  Until  When

© 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers When Corbin decided to become a teacher, he had no idea that he was also deciding to become a career student. His first notions of wanting only a bachelor’s degree were quickly dispelled. During those early years as a teacher, he found that the more he learned the more excited he was about teaching. Eventually, his passion for learning earned him a master’s degree and a doctorate degree.

© 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers  After  Afterward  As  Before  Currently  During  Eventually  Finally  First  Last  Later  While  Meanwhile  Next  Now  Often  Previously  Second  Since  Soon  Then  Ultimately  Until  When

© 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers To ensure proper interdental cleaning, floss each day. First, break off about 18 inches of floss and wind most of it around one of your middle fingers. Second, wind the remaining floss around the same finger of the opposite hand. Third, hold the floss tightly between your thumbs and forefingers. Next, guide the floss between your teeth using a gentle rubbing motion; never snap the floss into the gums. Then gently slide it into the space between the gum and tooth.

© 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers allows authors to describe a person, place, or thing based on its location or the way it is arranged in space often used with descriptive details to create vivid mental pictures

© 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers  Above  Across  Adjacent  Around  At the bottom  At the side  At the top  Back  At the side  Backup  Behind  Below  Beneath  Beside  Beyond  By  Center  Close to  Down  Far away  Farther  Front  Here  In  Inside  Left  Middle  Next to  Nearby  Outside  Right  There  Under  Underneath  Within

© 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers From their heads to the tips of their tails, humpback whales bear distinctive markings. On top a humpback whale is dotted with fleshy knobs called tubercles; a strand of hair with many nerve endings grows out of each tubercle.

© 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers used to list a series or set of reasons, details, or points. changing the order of details does not change their meaning

© 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers  And  Also  Furthermore  Another  Besides  Final  Finally  First  First of all  For one thing  In addition  Last  Last of all  Moreover  Next  One  Second  Third

© 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers An animal as large and beautiful as a horse needs to be cared for carefully. First, cleaning its stall on a regular basis is absolutely necessary. In addition, a horse needs to be groomed 3-5 times a week. Finally, a horse needs to be fed and exercised on a daily basis.

© 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers used to sort ideas into smaller groups used to describe the traits of each group smaller groups are called a subgroup, is based on shared traits or characteristics.

© 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Another (group, kind, type) Characteristics First (group, categories, kind, type) Second (group, categories, kind, type) Order Traits

© 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers “Wetlands” is a general term that includes several types of vital links between water and land. One type of wetland is a bog; it is characterized by spongy peat deposits, acidic waters, and is covered by a carpet of sphagnum moss. Another type of wetland is the marsh, which is a wetland frequently swamped with water; it is characterized by soft- stemmed vegetation. Finally, a swamp is a type of wetland dominated by woody plants.

© 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Textbook authors use transitions to make relationships between ideas clear and easy to understand. Often authors mix thought patterns in the same passage or paragraph. The effective reader looks for the author’s primary thought pattern.

© 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers

Thought patterns use transitions to show the relationship between ideas in a paragraph, passage, or textbook chapter. Some common patterns are: –Comparison-and-Contrast –Cause-and-Effect –Generalization-and-Example

© 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Comparison points out the ways in which two or more ideas are alike. “Writing, like farming, follows a planting, growing, and reaping cycle.” Contrast points out the ways in which two or more ideas are different. “Women differ from men in their styles of communication.”

© 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers  Alike  As  As well as  Equally  In like manner  In a similar fashion  In a similar manner  In the same way  Just as  Just like  Like  Likewise  Resemble  Same  Similar  Similarly

© 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers  Although  On the one hand  Conversely  To the contrary  Nevertheless  Differently  At the same time  In contrast  Different  Still  On the contrary  Even though  Instead  As opposed to  On the other hand  Difference  Despite  Yet  But  In spite of  Different from

© 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers “Although yoga and Pilates share similar characteristics, an important difference exists. Both yoga and Pilates are low-impact forms of exercise that improve posture, flexibility, and contraction. However, the primary goal of Pilates is to strengthen the midsection and buttocks. On the other hand, yoga does not focus on any one part of the body. Rather yoga works the opposing muscles of the entire body.”

© 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers A cause states why something happens. An effect states a result or outcome. “Because Selena memorized the algebra formulas and practiced using them, she did well on the test.” “Due to the amount of snow on the streets and highways, schools and businesses have shut down.”

© 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers  Because  Consequently  Accordingly  Because of  Leads to  Results in  As a result  Due to  If-then  Since  So  Therefore  Thus

© 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers

In this pattern, the author makes a general statement and then offers an example or a series of examples to clarify the generalization. “As technology evolves, it saves time; for example, broadband Internet access cuts down on the time needed to access information on the World Wide Web.”

© 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers  an illustration  for example  for instance  including  once  such as  to illustrate  typically

© 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Textbooks are full of new terms; authors will often define new words and special terms and then give example

© 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers  Definition signal words: › Is › Are › Means “Emblems are body gestures that directly translate into words or phrases. For example, if you ask someone to go out on a date and they smile, that indicates that they are interested.”  Example signal words: › For example › Such as “For example, a person may give up a high- paying job in the city to take a lower-paying job in a small town.”

© 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers “When stock prices fully reflect information that is available to investors, the stock market is efficient; in contrast, when the stock prices do not reflect all information, the stock market is inefficient.” __cause-and-effect __comparison-and-contrast __definition-and-example

© 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers “When stock prices fully reflect information that is available to investors, the stock market is efficient; in contrast, when the stock prices do not reflect all information, the stock market is inefficient.” __cause-and-effect X comparison-and-contrast __definition-and-example

© 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers ___________points out the ways two or more ideas are alike. _________ points out the ways two or more ideas are different. The words like, similarly, and likewise show the ______________ pattern. A _______ __states why something happens. An _____________states a result or outcome.

© 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Comparison points out the ways two or more ideas are alike. Contrast points out the ways two or more ideas are different. The words like, similarly, and likewise show the comparison pattern. A cause states why something happens. An effect states a result or outcome.

© 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers An author will often begin with a cause and then give the __________________. The phrases as a result, leads to, and therefore show the ____________________ pattern. ________________signal that a writer is giving an instance of a general idea to clarify a point. A _______________ explains the meaning of a new, difficult or special term. ____________________ follow a definition to show how the word is used or applied.

© 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers An author will often begin with a cause and then give the effects. The phrases as a result, leads to, and therefore show the cause-and-effect pattern. Example words signal that a writer is giving an instance of a general idea to clarify a point. A definition explains the meaning of a new, difficult or special term. Examples follow a definition to show how the word is used or applied.