1. STEP 6 RELATIONSHIPS II - P. 221
Mrs. Elizabeth Coiman-Lopez, BAT., MS.
Houston Community College – Fall 2018

2. Authors use two common methods to show relationships and make their ideas clear:
Transition Method
Patterns of Organization Method
Authors use two common types of relationships:
Relationships that involve ADDITION
Relationships that involve TIME
Others types of types of relationships:
Relationships that involve ILLUSTRATION
Relationships that involve COMPARISON AND CONTRAST
Relationships that involve CAUSE AND EFFECT
DEFINITION P. 221

3. Find the statement that is easier to understand p. 222
For instance, are words that make it clear what has happened on that day off.
Illustration words, are words the author uses to give examples to clarify the main idea.
(for) example including (as an) illustration one
(for) instance specifically to illustrate once
Such as to be specific
PRACTICE 1
ILLUSTRATION P. 222

4. DEFINITION AND EXAMPLE PATTERN P. 223
EXAMPLE EXAMPLE
Number the sentences in order p. 224
Paragraph begins with a definition
Using the words, for instance, and example, this pattern of organization includes the definition and examples.
Sometimes a dash – is used to signal a definitions
Verbs that signal definitions are such as:
Is are is called termed refers to
When and author defines a term, that means it is very important
PRACTICE p. 225 and Practice 2 p. 226
PRACTICE 1 p
DEFINITION AND EXAMPLE PATTERN P. 223

5. COMPARISON AND CONTRAST P. 227
Practice on top of p Put a check on the item that is easier to understand
The word similarly, in the second item, makes it clear that the author intends to compare learning to write a paper with learning to drive a car. Words like this signal similarities:
(just) as both in like fashion in a similar fashion
(just) like equal(ly) in like manner in a similar manner
Alike resemble similar (ly) (in) the same way
Same likewise similarity (in) common
PRACTICE 3 p. 228
COMPARISON AND CONTRAST P. 227

6. WORDS THAT SHOW CONTRAST P. 229
Mark the item that it is easier to understand.
The phrase even though, makes clear the relationship between the two ideas. This is a contrast word.
But instead (of) even though difference
Yet in contrast as opposed to different(ly)
However on the other hand in spite of differ (from)
Although (on the) contrary despite unlike
Nevertheless converse(ly) rather than while
Still opposite
PRACTICE 4 p. 230
WORDS THAT SHOW CONTRAST P. 229

7. COMPARISON AND CONTRAST PATTERN P. 230
COMPARISON A is like B
CONTRAST A is different from B
This pattern shows how two things are alike or how they are different.
PRACTICE p. 231 and Practice 5 p. 232
COMPARISON AND CONTRAST PATTERN P. 230

8. CAUSE AND EFFECT WORDS P. 234
These words signal the author is explaining the reason why something happened or the result of something happening.
Therefore so owing to because (of)
Thus (as a) result effect reason
(as a) consequence results in cause explanation
Consequently leads (led) to if…then accordingly
Due to since affect depend(s) on
PRACTICE p. 231 and Practice p
CAUSE AND EFFECT WORDS P. 234

9. THE CAUSE AND EFFECT PATTERN P. 235
EFFECT CAUSE
CAUSE EFFECT EFFECT CAUSE
Arrange sentence in order
Words such as: resulted in, lead to, caused, shows the paragraph is organized in cause and effect pattern.
This pattern addresses the questions:
Why does a behavior or event happen? And/or
What are the result of a behavior or event?
The author will tell what happen and also they will explain why it happened.
PRACTICE p and Practice 7-8 p
THE CAUSE AND EFFECT PATTERN P. 235

10. PATTERNS OF ORGANIZATION REVIEW
ADDITION RELATIONSHIP
TIME RELATIONSHIP
DEFINITIONS AND EXAMPLES
COMPARISON/CONTRAST
CAUSE/EFFECT
Authors presents a list, or series of reasons, examples or details that support an idea.
Authors presents a series of events, or steps in the order in which they happened.
Authors include key definitions (italic or boldface) to understand the main idea and terms.
Authors often discuss how two things are alike, different, or both
Authors often discuss the reasons why something happens of the effects of something that has happened.
Items do not have a time order, only how the authors prefers.
Items are in time order.
Authors include examples of the definitions.
Signal words for COMPARISON:
Alike
similar
Signal words for CAUSE:
Reason
Because
Signal words:
For one thing
Second
Also
In addition
Finally
First,
Next,
Then
After,
Last,
For example
For instance
To illustrate
Such as
Signal words for CONTRAST:
But
However
In contrast
Signal words for EFFECT:
Therefore
Consequently
As a result
PATTERNS OF ORGANIZATION REVIEW