1. Chapter 5: Patterns of Paragraph Organization
In Chapter 5 you will study the ways writers arrange ideas within paragraphs and the devices they use to achieve coherence.

2. Chapter 5: Patterns of Paragraph Organization
Objectives:
Patterns of paragraph organization
Coherence in paragraphs

3. Patterns of Organization Defined
The various ways that a paragraph’s sentences can be arranged.
Patterns of Organization
Chronological
Narrative and descriptive writing
Spatial
Deductive
Expository or persuasive writing
Inductive

4. Patterns of Organization Defined
Chronological
time order
Commonly used to tell a story, to relate an incident, to recount a historical event, or to describe the steps in a process.

5. Patterns of Organization Defined
Spatial
arrangement of objects in an environment
Most often used in descriptive writing. Spatial order helps a writer organize descriptive details and to present them so that the reader can visualize the scene.
The transitions showing movement from one part of a scene to another are indicated by prepositional phrases.
See p. 160 and the second example.

6. p. 161
Aside from his unusual geography tour, what is the central philosophical point Boulding makes?

7. p. 161
Aside from his unusual geography tour, what is the central philosophical point Boulding makes?
Earth is an infinitesimally small part of the universe, and in a parallel point, human life is insignificant when put into that perspective.

8. Patterns of Organization Defined
Deductive Order
most common paragraph assembly
General
specific
Particularly use in textbook material
expository paragraphs

9. Patterns of Organization Defined
The main idea is stated directly at the beginning of a passage followed by explanatory material.
expository paragraphs
Particularly use in textbook material
See p (beginning at bottom of page)

10. Patterns of Organization Defined
Inductive Order
Specific
General
Supporting Statements
Main Idea

11. Patterns of Organization Defined
Inductive order derives from a kind of thinking called induction.
Inductive order involves a series of specific observations leading to a generalization (the main idea) that the reader can validly infer from those statements.
Supporting Statements
Main Idea

12. Patterns of Organization Defined
The placement of the main idea determines the pattern.
See pp
Supporting Statements
Main Idea

13. Go to Practice Exercise 1, pp. 163-166
Read the following paragraphs.
First, decide which pattern of organization each represents.
Chronological order
Deductive order
Spatial order
Inductive order
Then, write a sentence stating the main idea in your own words.

14. Go to Practice Exercise 1
First, decide which pattern of organization each represents.
Then, write a sentence stating the main idea in your own words.
Pattern of organization: deductive
Main idea: Animals instinctively go into hiding to die.

15. Go to Practice Exercise 1
First, decide which pattern of organization each represents.
Then, write a sentence stating the main idea in your own words.
Pattern of organization: inductive order
Main idea: Our worsening traffic problems will soon weaken our nation and our economy.

16. Go to Practice Exercise 1
First, decide which pattern of organization each represents.
Then, write a sentence stating the main idea in your own words.
Pattern of organization: spatial order
Main idea: As they drove into Spain, the road took them through the mountains, forest, fields, more trees, more fields, until finally they could see the Pamplona plateau in the distance, behind which were more mountains.

17. Go to Practice Exercise 1
First, decide which pattern of organization each represents.
Then, write a sentence stating the main idea in your own words.
Pattern of organization: chronological order
Main idea: Although August 6, 1945, began like any other day in Japan, that was the day the Americans dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima.

18. Go to Practice Exercise 1
First, decide which pattern of organization each represents.
Then, write a sentence stating the main idea in your own words.
Pattern of organization: inductive order
Main idea: Buford doesn’t understand desserts, and because they are both fascinating and bad for him, they scare him.

19. Coherence in Paragraphs
Careful writers try to help the reader follow the main idea by ensuring that the paragraph has unity or singleness of purpose.
In good writing, there should be no irrelevant or extraneous sentences to lead you astray.
coherence

20. Coherence in Paragraphs
Transitions are signposts or markers that indicate a logical relationship or a shift in direction.
Transitions can be single words or phrases; occasionally, an entire paragraph bridging sections together in an essay
Paying attention to transitions will improve your concentration and comprehension and will help you see the logical connections between ideas.

21. Go to p. 167 Read the first paragraph. What is the paragraph about?
Now, read the same passage again but with the changes.
Which paragraph is easier to read?
Why?

22. Coherence in Paragraphs
Transitions
Signaling an additional statement
And
In addition (to)
As well as
Besides
Furthermore
moreover

23. Coherence in Paragraphs
Signaling a Contrast
But
Yet
However
Nevertheless
Nonetheless
While
Whereas
On the other hand
In contrast (to)
Contrary to

24. Coherence in Paragraphs
Signaling an Example or Illustration
For example
As an example
To illustrate
As an illustration
For instance
Namely
Specifically
A case in point
Consider the following

25. Coherence in Paragraphs
Signaling Steps in a Process of Chronological Order
First
Second
Third
Next
The next step
Further
Then
Before
After that
Finally
Last
In July
Last week
In a few days
In 2005

26. Coherence in Paragraphs
Signaling Emphasis
Indeed
In fact
Certainly
Without a doubt
Undoubtedly
Admittedly
Unquestionably
truly

27. Coherence in Paragraphs
Signaling a Concession (an admission of truth)
Although
Even though
In spite of
Despite
After all

28. Coherence in Paragraphs
Signaling a summary or Conclusion
Therefore
Thus
Then
To conclude
In conclusion
In summary
To summarize
Consequently
hence

29. Coherence in Paragraphs
Signaling Spatial Order
Above
Below
To the right
To the left
Nearby
From afar
Beyond
Farther on
Up the road
On top
underneath

30. Coherence in Paragraphs
Repetition of Key Phrases
By repeating key words and phrases, the author helps the reader to connect thought patterns.
See p. 170.

31. Go to Practice Exercise 2, pp. 171-172
After reading Paragraph A and B, finally, locate the one transitional expression and identify its function.

32. Go to Practice Exercise 2, pp. 171-172
After reading Paragraph A and B, finally, locate the one transitional expression and identify its function.
“in short” (conclusion or summary)