Chapter Sixteen Cancer

Cancer Most cancers take the form of tumors: a mass of tissues that serve no physiological purposeMost cancers take the form of tumors: a mass of tissues that serve no physiological purpose Benign: cells similar to surrounding normal cells and are enclosed in a membrane that prevents them from penetrating neighboring tissuesBenign: cells similar to surrounding normal cells and are enclosed in a membrane that prevents them from penetrating neighboring tissues Malignant: capable of invading surrounding structures, producing invasive tumors or uncontrolled growthMalignant: capable of invading surrounding structures, producing invasive tumors or uncontrolled growth Cell regulation problem causing abnormal cell growth

How Cancer Spreads: Metastasis Metastasis is the spreading of cancer cells which occurs due to the lack of cellular cohesivenessMetastasis is the spreading of cancer cells which occurs due to the lack of cellular cohesiveness They break away and pass through the lining of lymph or blood vessels to invade nearby tissuesThey break away and pass through the lining of lymph or blood vessels to invade nearby tissues These new tumors are called secondary tumors or metastasesThese new tumors are called secondary tumors or metastases

Types of Cancer Carcinomas – Arise from epithelia, tissues that cover external body surfaces (organs, skin, nerves, membranes)Carcinomas – Arise from epithelia, tissues that cover external body surfaces (organs, skin, nerves, membranes) Sarcomas – bone, blood, connective tissueSarcomas – bone, blood, connective tissue Lymphomas – immune tissues/systemLymphomas – immune tissues/system Leukemia - blood and blood forming tissues (bone marrow)Leukemia - blood and blood forming tissues (bone marrow)

The Incidence of Cancer Each year, 1.4 million people in the United States are diagnosed with cancerEach year, 1.4 million people in the United States are diagnosed with cancer Cancer death rates have dropped more than 10% since 1990Cancer death rates have dropped more than 10% since 1990 The American Cancer Society believes that thousands of cases of colon, breast, and uterine cancer could be prevented by lifestyle changesThe American Cancer Society believes that thousands of cases of colon, breast, and uterine cancer could be prevented by lifestyle changes

Lung Cancer Risk FactorsRisk Factors –Smoking –Environmental pollutants PreventionPrevention –Remove smoke element TreatmentTreatment –Surgery –Radiation –Chemotherapy –Medications Full recovery remains unlikely in all but a small percentages of cases

Colon and Rectal Cancer Considered the second leading cause of cancer deaths (could arise from pre-existing polyps)Considered the second leading cause of cancer deaths (could arise from pre-existing polyps) Risk FactorsRisk Factors AgeAge HeredityHeredity Lifestyle factorsLifestyle factors Detection and TreatmentDetection and Treatment Removal of polypsRemoval of polyps Yearly stool blood testYearly stool blood test Sigmoidoscopy/colonoscopySigmoidoscopy/colonoscopy SurgerySurgery

Breast Cancer Most common cancer in WomenMost common cancer in Women Risk factorsRisk factors –Early menstrual cycle for women –Women with no children or having children later in life –Hormone replacement therapy use PreventionPrevention –Diet –Mammography –Activity levels –Pregnancy and breastfeeding decisions –Occupational hazards –New medications TreatmentTreatment –Lumpectomy –Drug therapy –Chemotherapy/radiation treatments

Prostate Cancer Most common cancer in MenMost common cancer in Men Risk factorsRisk factors –Age, dietary fat intake, genetic link PreventionPrevention –Dietary intake of Vitamin E and selenium, drug therapy Early DetectionEarly Detection –PSA screenings, ultrasound rectal exam TreatmentTreatment –Surgery, radiation, implantation of radioactive seeds

Cervical Cancer Risk factorsRisk factors –HPV infection –Smoking and socioeconomic factors PreventionPrevention –Sexual abstinence –Pap tests –Careful selection of sexual partners TreatmentTreatment –Surgery (minor or major) –Radiation/chemotherapy

Uterine Cancer Risk FactorsRisk Factors –Early menarche, late menopause, lack of ovulation, never having given birth, ERT, use of tamoxifen, and also in diabetics, obese, and hypertensive women PreventionPrevention –Minimize high levels of estrogen and regular physician care TreatmentTreatment –Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, hormone treatment

Ovarian Cancer PreventionPrevention –Similar to what is recommended for breast cancer –Prophylactic oophorectomy Early DetectionEarly Detection –Referred as the “silent cancer” Annual pelvic examsAnnual pelvic exams Genetic screeningsGenetic screenings TreatmentTreatment –Surgery –Chemotherapy –Drug therapy

Skin Cancer Considered the most common cancer of allConsidered the most common cancer of all Risk factorsRisk factors –Severe sunburn during childhood, chronic sun exposure during young adulthood (UV) PreventionPrevention –Reduce exposure to sun’s rays, use sunscreens, Early DetectionEarly Detection –Recognition and early diagnosis TreatmentTreatment –Surgery, chemotherapy, interleukin-2

Skin Cancer Risk factorsRisk factors –Severe sunburn during childhood, chronic sun exposure during young adulthood PreventionPrevention –Reduce exposure to sun’s rays, use sunscreens, Early DetectionEarly Detection –American Cancer Society guidelines (next slide) TreatmentTreatment –Surgery, chemotherapy, interleukin-2

Testicular Cancer Risk factorsRisk factors –Family history, environmental factors PreventionPrevention –Self exams Early DetectionEarly Detection –Observations and self exams TreatmentTreatment –Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation

Other Cancers Pancreatic CancerPancreatic Cancer Stomach CancerStomach Cancer Bladder CancerBladder Cancer Kidney CancerKidney Cancer Brain Cancer Leukemia Lymphoma Multiple Myeloma

The Causes of Cancer The Role of DNAThe Role of DNA Role of inheritance of certain genesRole of inheritance of certain genes DNA mutations such as oncogenesDNA mutations such as oncogenes Cancer promotersCancer promoters Dietary FactorsDietary Factors Dietary Fat and MeatDietary Fat and Meat AlcoholAlcohol Fiber intakeFiber intake Fruits and VegetablesFruits and Vegetables Inactivity and Obesity Microbes Carcinogens in the Environment Ingested chemicals Industrial pollution Radiation

Detecting Cancer (Figure 16-5) Identify the 7 warning signs of cancer C C hange in bowel/bladder habits A A sore that does not heal U U nusual bleeding or discharge T T hickening of tissues (schlerotic change) I I ndigestion or difficulty swallowing O O bvious change in a wart/mole N N agging cough

Diagnosing Cancer Detection begins with a physical examDetection begins with a physical exam Exploratory surgery or a biopsy may be performed to identify a cancer’s stage or the following:Exploratory surgery or a biopsy may be performed to identify a cancer’s stage or the following: MRIMRI CTCT Ultrasonography have been used to view tumors and is considered completely safeUltrasonography have been used to view tumors and is considered completely safe

Treating Cancer SurgerySurgery ChemotherapyChemotherapy RadiationRadiation New Experimental Techniques such as:New Experimental Techniques such as: Gene therapyGene therapy Bone marrow and stem cell transplantsBone marrow and stem cell transplants Biological TherapiesBiological Therapies Protease inhibitorsProtease inhibitors Anti-angiogenesis drugsAnti-angiogenesis drugs Telomerase inhibitorsTelomerase inhibitors

Avoiding TobaccoAvoiding Tobacco Controlling Diet and WeightControlling Diet and Weight Regular ExerciseRegular Exercise Protecting Skin from the SunProtecting Skin from the Sun Avoiding Environmental and Occupational CarcinogensAvoiding Environmental and Occupational Carcinogens Having regular screening examsHaving regular screening exams Preventive Cancer

Chapter Sixteen Cancer