Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014 Water and the Minerals Chapter 9

Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014 Water and Body Fluids Water –Adult: 60 percent of weight Function in body fluids –Carries nutrients and waste products –Maintains the structure of large molecules –Serves as the solvent for: Minerals, vitamins, amino acids, glucose, and many other small molecules

Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014 Water and Body Fluids (cont’d.) Function in body fluids –Maintains blood volume –Aids in normal body temperature regulation –Acts as a lubricant and cushion Water balance –Water intake regulation Hypothalamus: initiates drinking

Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014 Water and Body Fluids (cont’d.) Water imbalances –Dehydration –Water intoxication: hyponatremia Water excretion –Regulated by the brain and kidneys What effect does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) have on the kidneys? –Average water loss per day: 2 ½ liters

Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014

Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014

Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014 Water and Body Fluids (cont’d.) Adequate Intake (AI) for total water –Men: 3.7 liters/day –Women: 2.7 liters/day What factors attribute to the varying water needs per individual? Sources –Water, caffeinated beverages, foods, milk, juices, etc.

Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014

Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014 Water and Body Fluids (cont’d.) Body fluids –Electrolyte solutions –Regulated closely Proteins in the cell membranes: move ions into or out of the cells Kidneys regulate sodium and water –How does the body’s total electrolytes compare to the urinary electrolytes?

Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014 Water and Body Fluids (cont’d.) Electrolyte mixtures –Act as buffers –Kidneys Primary role in maintaining acid-base balance

Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014 The Major Minerals

Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014 The Major Minerals (cont’d.) What is the distinction between major minerals and trace minerals? All major minerals (Table 9-7) –Influence the body’s fluid balance –Have other specific roles

Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014

Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014 The Major Minerals (cont’d.) Sodium –Principal electrolyte in the extracellular fluid –Primary regulator of the extracellular fluid volume –What are other roles? –Sodium AI 1500 mg/day (19-50 yr) –Average U.S. intake: 3400 mg/day

Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014 The Major Minerals (cont’d.) Sodium –What does processing do to the sodium and potassium contents of foods? (Figure 9-2) –Top contributors of sodium Breads, cold cuts, pizza, poultry, soups, etc. –What is the correlation between sodium intake and hypertension? “How To” Cut Salt Intake; DASH approach

Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014 The Major Minerals (cont’d.) Chloride –Major negative ion of the extracellular fluids –Maintains fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balances –Major source: salt Potassium –Principal positively charged ion inside the cells

Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014 The Major Minerals (cont’d.) Potassium –Maintains fluid and electrolyte balance and cell integrity –Distribution inside and outside the cell Homeostasis –Deficiency Increase in blood pressure, salt sensitivity, kidney stones, bone turnover, etc. What are the causes of potassium deficiency?

Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014 The Major Minerals (cont’d.) Potassium –Toxicity Result of overconsumption of salts or supplements, diseases, or medications –Best sources Fresh fruits and vegetables –Prevent and correct hypertension Ample potassium with low sodium DASH approach

Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014 The Major Minerals (cont’d.) Calcium –Most abundant mineral in the body –Integral part of bone structure and serves as a calcium bank –Bone formation Calcium salts form crystals on a protein collagen matrix (Figure 9-3) Why is it incorrect to think of bones as being inert, e.g., similar to rocks?

Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014

Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014 The Major Minerals (cont’d.) Calcium –Ionized calcium in body fluids Regulates the transport of ions across cell membranes, helps maintain normal blood pressure, is essential for muscle contraction (including heartbeat), etc. –High blood calcium levels Deposited into bone

Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014 The Major Minerals (cont’d.) Calcium –Regulatory system to counter low blood calcium 1.Small intestine absorbs more calcium. 2.Bones release more calcium into the blood. 3.Kidneys excrete less calcium. –How is blood calcium affected by a chronic dietary deficiency of calcium?

Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014 The Major Minerals (cont’d.) Calcium –Osteoporosis Women: may lose up to 20 percent of bone mass following menopause Why is osteoporosis more prevalent in women than in men? Prevention: adequate calcium and weight-bearing physical activity

Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014

Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014 The Major Minerals (cont’d.) Calcium –Disease prevention Hypertension, colon and rectal cancers –Calcium RDA Adults (19–50 yr): 1000 mg/day Men (51–70): 1000 mg/day Women (51–70): 1200 mg/day Adults (>70): 1200 mg/day

Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014 The Major Minerals (cont’d.) Calcium –Milk and milk products Recommended: three cups of milk daily for adults “How To” Add Calcium to Daily Meals

Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014

Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014 The Major Minerals (cont’d.) Phosphorus –Second most abundant mineral in the body –Found in Bones, teeth, and all body tissues –Part of DNA and RNA –Best sources Animal protein, milk, and cheese

Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014 The Major Minerals (cont’d.) Magnesium –Found in bones, muscles, heart, liver, and other soft tissues; small amount in body fluids –Functions Enzyme functions and other cellular functions; needed for energy release in cells; required for normal heart function; etc. –Deficiency symptoms Low blood calcium; muscle cramps and seizures

Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014 The Major Minerals (cont’d.) Magnesium –Toxicity Rare, but can be fatal –Present in “hard water” –Food sources Dark green, leafy vegetables; nuts; legumes; whole-grain breads and cereals; etc.

Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014

Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014 The Major Minerals (cont’d.) Sulfate –Needed for sulfur-containing compounds –Helps shape protein strands Skin, hair, nails, etc. –No recommended intake –No deficiencies known A summary of the major minerals (Table 9-7)

Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014 The Trace Minerals Iron –Component in: Hemoglobin Myoglobin –Significant iron loss Bleeding –What is the role of the transferrin? –Hepcidin: central to iron balance

Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014 The Trace Minerals (cont’d.) Iron deficiency –Most common nutrient deficiency –Causes Inadequate intake and blood loss –Assessment Low serum ferritin; increased transferrin level –What is the difference between iron deficiency and anemia?

Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014

Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014 The Trace Minerals (cont’d.) Iron deficiency –Pica may be present –Do not self-diagnose Hemochromatosis: iron overload Iron poisoning

Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014 The Trace Minerals (cont’d.) Iron recommendations –Men: 8 mg/day –Women (childbearing years): 18 mg/day Iron forms in foods –Heme iron –Nonheme iron –“How To” Add Iron to Daily Meals

Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014

Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014 The Trace Minerals (cont’d.) Zinc –Required by more than 50 enzymes –Needed To perform tasks in eyes, liver, kidneys, muscles, skin, bones, and male reproductive organs; for making genetic material; in blood clotting, etc. –How does the body’s handling of zinc differ from that of iron?

Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014 The Trace Minerals (cont’d.) Zinc –Deficiency Not widespread in developed countries –Toxicity Produces copper-deficiency anemia –Zinc RDA Men: 11 mg/day Women: 8 mg/day

Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014

Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014 The Trace Minerals (cont’d.) Selenium –Functions as an antioxidant nutrient –Needed for: Proper functioning of the iodine-containing thyroid hormones –Studies surrounding protection against cancer –Selenium deficiency Keshan disease: heart disease

Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014 The Trace Minerals (cont’d.) Selenium –High doses: toxic –RDA Adults: 5 µg/day Iodine –Integral part of the thyroid hormones

Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014 The Trace Minerals (cont’d.) Iodine –Deficiency Goiter Preventable mental retardation Cretinism –Excess Enlarges thyroid gland –RDA: 150 µg/day

Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014 The Trace Minerals (cont’d.) Copper –Primary function: constituent of enzymes Diverse metabolic roles –Helps cells use iron –Deficiency: rare –Toxicity: may result from some genetic disorders –RDA: 900 µg/day

Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014 The Trace Minerals (cont’d.) Manganese –Cofactor for many enzymes Facilitate numerous metabolic processes –Tolerable Upper Intake Level: 11 mg/day Fluoride –Prevents dental caries –Deficiency: high dental decay –Sources: fluoridated water, toothpaste, etc.

Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014 The Trace Minerals (cont’d.) Chromium –Essential in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism –Enhances the activity of insulin –Best sources Liver, brewer’s yeast, whole grains, nuts, and cheeses

Nutrition for Health and Health Care, 5th Edition DeBruyne ■ Pinna © Cengage Learning 2014 The Trace Minerals (cont’d.) Molybdenum –Functions as a working part of several metal- containing enzymes Other trace minerals that contribute to health –Nickel, silicon, cobalt, boron, etc. A summary of trace minerals (Table 9-8)