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Chapter 8 Water and Minerals
Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 12e Sizer/Whitney
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Learning Objectives Identify the best beverage choices to obtain enough water for the body’s needs. Describe the body’s water sources and routes of water loss, and name factors that influence the need or water. Compare and contrast various sources of drinking water for safety.
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Learning Objectives Discuss why electrolyte balance is critical for the health of the body. Describe the nutrients needed to maintain blood calcium levels, and explain why this is important. Describe a diet that follows the DASH principles, and specify who might benefit from such a diet and in what ways.
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Learning Objectives Compare the availability of iron form plant and animal sources. Discuss the function and importance of copper, zinc, chromium, fluoride, and selenium in the body. Describe a diet that a young woman can follow to help prevent osteoporosis later in life.
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Introduction Minerals Major Trace Water Most indispensable nutrient
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Minerals in a 60-Kilogram (132-Pound) Person (Grams)
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Water Makes up about 60 percent of a person’s weight Roles Solvent
Cleansing agent Lubrication and cushion Coolant
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Body’s Water Balance Water balance Body water varies by pounds
Dehydration Thirst Signs Groups at risk Water intoxication Body water varies by pounds Thirst and satiety govern water intake Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, kidneys
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Water Balance – A Typical Example
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Effects of Mild Dehydration, Severe Dehydration, and Chronic Lack of Fluid
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How Much Water Do I Need to Drink in a Day?
Water needs vary Influential factors Fluids and foods DRI Metabolic water Sweating Choosing fluids Caffeine
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U.S. Fluid Sources
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Are Some Kinds of Water Better for My Health Than Others?
Types of water Hard Calcium and magnesium Soft Sodium Hypertension
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Safety and Sources of Drinking Water
Public water Removal of many hazards Disinfectants Testing and reporting Chlorination and cancer Water sources Surface water Groundwater
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Bottled Water Regulation and safety BPA IBWA trademark
Sales across state lines Standards Less rigid than those for tap water BPA IBWA trademark Water for nutrition’s sake Fluoride
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Body Fluids and Minerals
Water follows salt Electrolytes Water flows toward greater concentration Fluid and electrolyte balance Causes of imbalance Acid-base balance Hydrogen Buffers
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How Electrolytes Govern Water Flow
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Calcium Most abundant mineral in the body Meeting DRI recommendations
Storage facilities Bones In constant flux Teeth
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A Bone
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Calcium Bone and tooth formation Hydroxyapatite
Fluorapatite Bone and tooth turnover
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Calcium In body fluids Calcium balance 1 percent of body’s calcium
Roles Blood calcium is tightly controlled Calcium balance Skeleton serves as a calcium bank Bone density Organs
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Calcium Bone loss Calcium absorption Recommendations
Inevitable consequence of aging Peak bone mass Osteoporosis Supplements Calcium absorption Increases in times of need Recommendations
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Bone Throughout Life
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Calcium Snapshot
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Phosphorus Second most abundant mineral in body Roles in the body
Majority found in bones with calcium Roles in the body Recommendations Deficiencies are unlikely Food sources
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Phosphorus Snapshot
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Magnesium “Major mineral” Bones and kidneys Roles in the body
Dietary requirement Bones and kidneys Roles in the body Works with calcium Deficiency Toxicity Recommendations
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Magnesium Snapshot
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Sodium Roles Deficiency “Water Weight” Recommendations
Major part of fluid and electrolyte balance Acid-base balance Deficiency “Water Weight” Recommendations Intakes
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Sodium and Salt Intake Guidelines
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Sodium Blood pressure Controlling salt intakes Hypertension
Measures Types Sodium intakes increases blood pressure Heart damage DASH diet Controlling salt intakes
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How to Cut Sodium from a Barbeque Lunch
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Potassium Positively charge ion inside the cells Roles Deficiency
Fluid and electrolyte balance Heartbeat Deficiency Dehydration Toxicity Recommendations
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Potassium Snapshot
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Chloride and Sulfate Chloride Sulfate Crucial for fluid balance
Hydrochloric acid Principle food source Sulfate Roles No recommended intake Deficiencies are unknown
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Trace Minerals
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Iodine Body’s work is done by iodide Roles Deficiency Toxicity
Thyroxine Deficiency Goiter Cretinism Toxicity Food sources
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Iron Every living cell contains iron Two proteins Roles Hemoglobin
Myoglobin Roles Carry oxygen Make new cells, amino acids, hormones, & neurotransmitters
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Iron Iron stores Absorbing iron A mineral to be hoarded Iron losses
Special proteins transport and store iron Absorbing iron Forms of iron in food MFP factor Impairing iron absorption
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Iron Deficiency Iron deficiency Iron-deficiency anemia
Signs of deficiency Mental symptoms Adults Children Pica
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Normal and Anemic Blood Cells
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Iron Causes of deficiency Groups most susceptible to deficiency
Women of childbearing age Infants and toddlers Adolescents Too much iron Iron overload Symptoms
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Iron Snapshot
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Zinc Works with proteins in every organ Expression of deficiency
Roles Expression of deficiency Groups at greatest risk for deficiency Vegetarians
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Zinc Snapshot
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Selenium Roles in the body Relationship with chronic disease Toxicity
Cancer Toxicity Supplements Sources
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Fluoride Not essential to life Roles in the body Deficiency Toxicity
Dental decay Toxicity Fluorosis Sources
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U.S. Population with Access to Fluoridated Water Through Public Water Systems
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Chromium and Copper Chromium Copper Roles in the body Recommendation
Sources Copper Deficiency Toxicity
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Other Trace Minerals and Some Candidates
Molybdenum Manganese Boron Cobalt Nickel Silicon All trace minerals are toxic in excess!
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Meeting the Need for Calcium
Low calcium intake Associated diseases Milk, yogurt, & cheese group Traditional sources of calcium
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Food Sources of Calcium in the U.S. Diet
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Meeting the Need for Calcium
Vegetables Absorption Calcium binders Other foods Calcium-fortified foods Supplements Making meals rich in calcium
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Calcium Absorption from Food Sources
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Osteoporosis: Can Lifestyle Choices Reduce the Risks?
Controversy 8
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Introduction Osteoporosis prevalence Causes Fractures Sex differences
Tangled complexity
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Development of Osteoporosis
Bone Trabecular Tapped when blood calcium is low Cortical Decline in bone density Dowager’s hump Fractures Common sites
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Losses of Trabecular Bone
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Loss of Height in a Woman Caused by Osteoporosis
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Toward Prevention – Understanding the Cause of Osteoporosis
Causes Gender and advanced age Genetics and environmental factors Bone density and genes Influence of genes Genetic inheritance Risks vary by race and ethnicity
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Toward Prevention – Understanding the Cause of Osteoporosis
Calcium and vitamin D Bone strength in later life Bone building during childhood and adolescence Gender and hormones Menopause for women Estrogen and testosterone Body weight
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Toward Prevention – Understanding the Cause of Osteoporosis
Physical activity Tobacco smoke and alcohol Protein Too little protein Too much protein Sources Sodium, caffeine, soft drinks Other nutrients
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Risk and Protective Factors That Correlate with Osteoporosis
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Diagnosis and Medical Treatment
DEXA scan Drug therapies Estrogen replacement therapy
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Calcium Recommendations
Recommendations vary Set according to life stage Sources Foods and beverages first Dietary calcium Sunshine for vitamin D Supplements Types of supplements
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