1. Chapter 8 Water and Minerals
Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 12e Sizer/Whitney

2. Water Makes up about 60 percent of a person’s weight Roles
Solvent (not universal)
Carries nutrients throughout the body
Cleansing agent
Lubrication and cushion
Coolant
Participates in chemical reactions

3. Body’s Water Balance Water balance
Dehydration
Signs: Thirst and fatigue
Water intoxication
Thirst and satiety govern water intake
Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, kidneys

4. Water Balance – A Typical Example

5. Effects of Mild Dehydration, Severe Dehydration, and Chronic Lack of Fluid

6. How Much Water Do I Need to Drink in a Day?
Water needs vary
Influential factors: foods, air temp and humidity, altitude, activity level (Table 8-2)
Fluids and foods
DRI: 9-13 cups
Sweating = increased water needs
Choosing fluids
Less carbonated, sweetened, caffeinated and alcoholic beverages (diuretics)

7. Factors That Increase Fluid Needs

8. Water in Foods and Beverages

9. Body Fluids and Minerals
Water follows salt
Electrolytes
Water flows toward greater concentration
Fluid and electrolyte balance
Causes of imbalance
Acid-base balance
Hydrogen
Buffers

10. How Electrolytes Govern Water Flow Fig. 8-4

11. Minerals in a 60-Kilogram (132-Pound) Person, in Grams

12. Calcium Most abundant mineral in the body Meeting DRI recommendations:
1000 mg/day (19-50), 1200 mg/day (>51)
Storage facilities
Bones
In constant flux
Teeth

13. Calcium In body fluids Calcium balance
1 percent of body’s calcium
Roles: nerve transmission, blood pressure, blood clotting, muscle contraction and heartbeat
Calcium balance
Skeleton serves as a calcium bank
Increased need for calcium
Intestines increase absorption, bones release calcium, kidneys prevent loss through urine

14. Calcium Bone loss Inevitable consequence of aging
Peak bone mass: years (Figure 8-8)
Osteoporosis: porous bone
Food sources better than Supplements

15. Bone Throughout Life Fig. 8-8

16. Calcium

17. Meeting the Need for Calcium Table 8-9

18. Phosphorus

19. Magnesium

20. Sodium Roles Deficiency: none “Water Weight”
Major part of fluid and electrolyte balance
Acid-base balance
Deficiency: none
“Water Weight”
Water follows sodium
Increase sodium = increase water weight

21. Sodium and Salt Intake Guidelines

22. Sodium Blood pressure Hypertension
Measures: 140/90, Pre: 130/90, Ideal 120/80
Salt-sensitive hypertension
Sodium intake increases blood pressure
Heart damage
DASH diet: more fruits, veggies, whole grains, low sodium
Controlling salt intake: saltshaker and read food labels

23. Sources of Sodium in the U.S. Diet

24. Potassium

25. Chloride and Sulfate Chloride Sulfate
Crucial for fluid balance (chief – charged ion).
Hydrochloric acid
Principle food source: salt
Sulfate
Roles: make up rigid proteins like hair, nails, and skin (sulfur-containing)
No recommended intake
Deficiencies are unknown

26. Iodine Body’s work is done by iodide Roles Deficiency Toxicity: Goiter
Thyroxine: hormone that
regulates basal metabolism
Deficiency
Goiter
Cretinism
Toxicity: Goiter
Food sources: Iodized salt and seafood

27. Iron Every living cell contains iron Two proteins Roles Hemoglobin
Myoglobin
Roles
Hold, Carry, and Release oxygen
Make new cells, amino acids, hormones, & neurotransmitters

28. Iron Iron stores Absorbing iron (promoters and inhibitors)
A mineral to be hoarded
Iron losses: blood loss
Special proteins transport and store iron
Absorbing iron (promoters and inhibitors)
Only 10-15% is absorbed (oxidant)
Forms of iron in food: heme vs. non-heme
MFP factor: promotes absorption
Impairing iron absorption: tannins, phytates

29. Iron Causes of deficiency Groups most susceptible to deficiency
Inadequate intake, high-calorie foods high in refined carbs, blood loss
Groups most susceptible to deficiency
Women of childbearing age
Infants and toddlers
Adolescents
Too much iron (Toxicity)
Iron overload: absorb too much iron

30. Promoters and Inhibitors of Iron Absorption

31. Iron Deficiency Iron deficiency Iron-deficiency anemia
Signs of deficiency

32. Normal and Anemic Blood Cells Fig. 8-7

33. Iron

34. Zinc

35. Selenium Roles in the body: metabolism regulation and antioxidant
Relationship with chronic disease
Specific type of heart disease
Lead to selenium being placed on essential nutrient list
Toxicity: hair loss, diarrhea, and nerve abnormalities
Supplements
Sources: widely spread in foods

36. Fluoride Not essential to life Roles in the body Deficiency Toxicity
Protects enamel
Deficiency
Dental decay
Toxicity
Fluorosis
Sources : drinking water

37. Chromium and Copper Chromium Copper Helps with insulin
Sources: unrefined foods
Copper
Form hemoglobin and collagen
Deficiency: Impair immunity and blood flow in the arteries

38. Osteoporosis: Controversy 8
Read Controversy 8 at the end of the chapter
Describe a diet that a young woman can follow to help prevent osteoporosis in later life