Figure 7.1 The human skeleton. Cranium Skull Facial bones Bones of pectoral girdle Clavicle Thoracic cage (ribs and sternum) Scapula Sternum Upper limb Rib Figure 7.1 The human skeleton. Humerus Vertebra Vertebral column Radius Bones of pelvic girdle Ulna Sacrum Carpals Phalanges Metacarpals Femur Patella Lower limb Tibia Fibula Tarsals (a) Anterior view Metatarsals (b) Posterior view Phalanges

Figure 7.1a The human skeleton. Cranium Skull Facial bones Clavicle Thoracic cage (ribs and sternum) Scapula Sternum Rib Figure 7.1a The human skeleton. Humerus Vertebra Vertebral column Radius Ulna Sacrum Carpals Phalanges Metacarpals Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals (a) Anterior view Phalanges

Cranium Bones of pectoral girdle Clavicle Scapula Rib Upper limb Humerus Vertebra Radius Bones of pelvic girdle Ulna Carpals Phalanges Metacarpals Femur Lower limb Tibia Fibula (b) Posterior view

Figure 7.2a The skull: Cranial and facial divisions and fossae. Bones of cranium (cranial vault) Coronal suture Figure 7.2a The skull: Cranial and facial divisions and fossae. Squamous suture Lambdoid suture Facial bones (a) Cranial and facial divisions of the skull

Figure 7.2b The skull: Cranial and facial divisons and fossae. Anterior cranial fossa Figure 7.2b The skull: Cranial and facial divisons and fossae. Middle cranial fossa Posterior cranial fossa (b) Superior view of the cranial fossae

Figure 7.2c The skull: Cranial and facial divisions and fossae. Temporal lobe of cerebrum Frontal lobe of cerebrum Cerebellum Figure 7.2c The skull: Cranial and facial divisions and fossae. Posterior Cranial fossae Middle Anterior (c) Lateral view of cranial fossae showing the contained brain regions

Figure 7.3 Major cavities of the skull, frontal section. bone Cranial cavity Figure 7.3 Major cavities of the skull, frontal section. Frontal sinus Zygomatic bone Orbit Orbit Ethmoid sinuses Ethmoid bone Maxillary sinus Inferior nasal concha Nasal cavity Maxilla Oral cavity Vomer Mandible

Frontal bone Glabella Parietal bone Frontonasal suture Supraorbital foramen (notch) Squamous part of frontal bone Supraorbital margin Nasal bone Figure 7.4a Anatomy of the anterior and posterior aspects of the skull. Superior orbital fissure Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Optic canal Temporal bone Inferior orbital fissure Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Middle nasal concha Zygomatic bone Ethmoid bone Infraorbital foramen Perpendicular plate Maxilla Inferior nasal concha Mandible Vomer Mental foramen Mandibular symphysis

Sagittal suture Parietal bone Sutural bone Figure 7.4b Anatomy of the anterior and posterior aspects of the skull. Lambdoid suture Occipital bone Superior nuchal line External occipital protuberance Mastoid process Inferior nuchal line Occipitomastoid suture External occipital crest Occipital condyle (b) Posterior view

Coronal suture Frontal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Parietal bone Ethmoid bone Temporal bone Lacrimal bone Lambdoid suture Lacrimal fossa Figure 7.5a Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views. Squamous suture Nasal bone Occipital bone Zygomatic bone Zygomatic process Maxilla Occipitomastoid suture External acoustic meatus Mastoid process Alveolar margins Styloid process Mandibular condyle Mandible Mandibular notch Mental foramen Mandibular ramus Mandibular angle Coronoid process

Parietal bone Coronal suture Frontal bone Greater wing Sphenoid Lesser bone wing Squamous suture Figure 7.5b Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views. Frontal sinus Temporal bone Crista galli Nasal bone Lambdoid suture Sphenoid sinus Ethmoid bone Occipital bone (perpendicular plate) Occipitomastoid suture Vomer Incisive fossa External occipital protuberance Maxilla Alveolar Internal acoustic meatus margins Pterygoid process of sphenoid bone Sella turcica of sphenoid bone Mandible Mandibular foramen Palatine bone Palatine process of maxilla

Figure 7.6a Inferior aspect of the skull, mandible removed. Maxilla (palatine process) Incisive fossa Intermaxillary suture Hard palate Palatine bone (horizontal plate) Median palatine suture Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Zygomatic bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Temporal bone (zygomatic process) Figure 7.6a Inferior aspect of the skull, mandible removed. Foramen ovale Vomer Foramen spinosum Foramen lacerum Mandibular fossa Carotid canal External acoustic meatus Styloid process Stylomastoid foramen Mastoid process Temporal bone (petrous part) Jugular foramen Occipital condyle Pharyngeal tubercle of basilar region of the occipital bone Inferior nuchal line Parietal bone Superior nuchal line External occipital crest External occipital protuberance Foramen magnum

Figure 7.7a The floor of the cranial cavity. Cribriform plate Frontal bone Ethmoid bone Crista galli Olfactory foramina Anterior cranial fossa Optic canal Lesser wing Sphenoid Foramen rotundum Greater wing Figure 7.7a The floor of the cranial cavity. Foramen ovale Hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica Foramen spinosum Foramen lacerum Middle cranial fossa Internal acoustic meatus Temporal bone (petrous part) Jugular foramen Hypoglossal canal Posterior cranial fossa Foramen magnum View Parietal bone Occipital bone

Figure 7.8 The temporal bone. Squamous region Figure 7.8 The temporal bone. External acoustic meatus Mastoid region Zygomatic process Mandibular fossa Mastoid process Tympanic region Styloid process

Figure 7.9 The sphenoid bone. Lesser wing Optic canal Superior orbital fissure Figure 7.9 The sphenoid bone. Greater wing Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale Hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica Foramen spinosum Body of sphenoid (a) Superior view Body of sphenoid Lesser wing Greater wing Superior orbital fissure Pterygoid process (b) Posterior view

Figure 7.9a The sphenoid bone. Lesser wing Optic canal Superior orbital fissure Foramen rotundum Greater wing Foramen ovale Figure 7.9a The sphenoid bone. Hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica Foramen spinosum Body of sphenoid (a) Superior view

Figure 7.9b The sphenoid bone. Body of sphenoid Lesser wing Greater wing Superior orbital fissure Figure 7.9b The sphenoid bone. Pterygoid process (b) Posterior view

Figure 7.10 The ethmoid bone. Crista galli Olfactory foramina Cribriform plate Orbital plate Left lateral mass Ethmoidal air cells Perpendicular plate Middle nasal concha

Figure 7.11a Detailed anatomy of the mandible and the maxilla. Mandibular fossa of temporal bone Temporomandibular joint Mandibular notch Coronoid process Mandibular condyle Figure 7.11a Detailed anatomy of the mandible and the maxilla. Mandibular foramen Alveolar margin Ramus of mandible Mental foramen Mandibular angle Body of mandible

Figure 7.11b Detailed anatomy of the mandible and the maxilla. Articulates with frontal bone Frontal process Figure 7.11b Detailed anatomy of the mandible and the maxilla. Orbital surface Infraorbital foramen Zygomatic process (cut) Anterior nasal spine Alveolar margin

Figure 7.12 The hyoid bone, anterior view. Greater horn Lesser horn Body

Figure 7.13b Bones that form the orbits. Superior orbital fissure Roof of orbit Supraorbital notch Optic canal • Lesser wing of sphenoid bone • Orbital plate of frontal bone Medial wall Figure 7.13b Bones that form the orbits. • Sphenoid body Lateral wall of orbit • Orbital plate of ethmoid bone • Zygomatic process of frontal bone • Frontal process of maxilla • Greater wing of sphenoid bone • Lacrimal bone • Orbital surface of zygomatic bone Nasal bone Floor of orbit Inferior orbital fissure Infraorbital groove • Orbital process of palatine bone Zygomatic bone • Orbital surface of maxillary bone Infraorbital foramen • Zygomatic bone

The Paranasal sinuses. Frontal sinus Frontal sinus Ethmoidal air cells Sphenoid sinus Sphenoid sinus Maxillary sinus Maxillary sinus (a) Anterior aspect (b) Medial aspect

Figure 7.16 The vertebral column. Cervical curvature (concave) 7 vertebrae, C1–C7 Spinous process Transverse processes Figure 7.16 The vertebral column. Thoracic curvature (convex) 12 vertebrae, T1–T12 Intervertebral discs Intervertebral foramen Lumbar curvature (concave) 5 vertebrae, L1–L5 Sacral curvature (convex) 5 fused vertebrae sacrum Coccyx 4 fused vertebrae Anterior view Right lateral view

Figure 7.17 Ligaments and fibrocartilage discs uniting the vertebrae. Posterior longitudinal ligament Intervertebral disc Supraspinous ligament Anterior longitudinal ligament Transverse process Anterior longitudinal ligament Sectioned spinous process Intervertebral foramen Ligamentum flavum Posterior longitudinal ligament Body of a vertebra Figure 7.17 Ligaments and fibrocartilage discs uniting the vertebrae. Anulus fibrosus Interspinous ligament Intervertebral disc Nucleus pulposus Inferior articular process Sectioned body of vertebra (a) Median section of three vertebrae, illustrating the composition of the discs and the ligaments (b) Anterior view of part of the spinal column, showing the anterior longitudinal ligament Vertebral spinous process (posterior aspect of vertebra) Spinal cord Spinal nerve root Nucleus pulposus of intact disc Transverse process Herniated portion of disc Anulus fibrosus of disc Herniated nucleus pulposus Nucleus pulposus of disc (c) Superior view of a herniated intervertebral disc (d) MRI of lumbar region of vertebral column in sagittal section showing herniated disc

Figure 7.17a Ligaments and fibrocartilage discs uniting the vertebrae. Intervertebral disc Supraspinous ligament Transverse process Anterior longitudinal ligament Figure 7.17a Ligaments and fibrocartilage discs uniting the vertebrae. Sectioned spinous process Intervertebral foramen Ligamentum flavum Posterior longitudinal ligament Interspinous ligament Anulus fibrosus Nucleus pulposus Inferior articular process Sectioned body of vertebra

Figure 7.17c Ligaments and fibrocartilage discs uniting the vertebrae. Vertebral spinous process (posterior aspect of vertebra) Spinal cord Spinal nerve root Figure 7.17c Ligaments and fibrocartilage discs uniting the vertebrae. Transverse process Herniated portion of disc Anulus fibrosus of disc Nucleus pulposus of disc

Figure 7.17d Ligaments and fibrocartilage discs uniting the vertebrae. Nucleus pulposus of intact disc Figure 7.17d Ligaments and fibrocartilage discs uniting the vertebrae. Herniated nucleus pulposus (d) MRI of lumbar region of vertebral column in sagittal section showing herniated disc

Figure 7.18 Structure of a typical vertebra. Posterior Vertebral arch Lamina Spinous process Transverse process Figure 7.18 Structure of a typical vertebra. Superior articular process and facet Vertebral foramen Pedicle Body (centrum) Anterior

Figure 7.19 The first and second cervical vertebrae. Posterior Posterior Posterior tubercle Posterior tubercle Posterior arch Posterior arch Inferior articular facet Lateral masses Transverse process Lateral masses Transverse foramen Figure 7.19 The first and second cervical vertebrae. Superior articular facet Transverse foramen Anterior arch Anterior tubercle Anterior arch Facet for dens Anterior tubercle (a) Superior view of atlas (C1) (b) Inferior view of atlas (C1) Posterior C2 Spinous process Inferior articular process Lamina Pedicle Superior articular facet Transverse process Dens Body (c) Superior view of axis (C2)

Figure 7.20a Posterolateral views of articulated vertebrae. Dens of axis Transverse ligament of atlas C1 (atlas) C2 (axis) Figure 7.20a Posterolateral views of articulated vertebrae. C3 Inferior articular process Bifid spinous process Transverse processes C7 (vertebra prominens) (a) Cervical vertebrae

Figure 7.21a The sacrum and coccyx. Sacral promontory Ala Body of first sacral vertebra Figure 7.21a The sacrum and coccyx. Transverse ridges (sites of vertebral fusion) Anterior sacral foramina Apex Coccyx (a) Anterior view

Figure 7.21b The sacrum and coccyx. Sacral canal Facet of superior articular process Body Ala Auricular surface Figure 7.21b The sacrum and coccyx. Median sacral crest Lateral sacral crest Posterior sacral foramina Sacral hiatus Coccyx (b) Posterior view

Figure 7.22a The thoracic cage. Jugular notch Clavicular notch Manubrium Sternal angle Body Sternum True ribs (1–7) Xiphisternal joint Figure 7.22a The thoracic cage. Xiphoid process False ribs (8–12) Intercostal spaces Costal cartilage Costal margin L1 Vertebra Floating ribs (11, 12)

Figure 7.23a Ribs. Transverse costal facet (for tubercle of rib) Superior costal facet (for head of rib) Angle of rib Body of vertebra Head of rib Figure 7.23a Ribs. Intervertebral disc Neck of rib Tubercle of rib Shaft Sternum Cross- section of rib Costal groove Costal cartilage

Figure 7.24a The pectoral girdle and clavicle. Acromio- clavicular joint Clavicle Figure 7.24a The pectoral girdle and clavicle. Scapula

Figure 7.24b The pectoral girdle and clavicle. Sternal (medial) end Figure 7.24b The pectoral girdle and clavicle. Posterior Anterior Acromial (lateral) end (b) Right clavicle, superior view

Figure 7.24c The pectoral girdle and clavicle. Acromial end Figure 7.24c The pectoral girdle and clavicle. Anterior Trapezoid line Sternal end Posterior Conoid tubercle (c) Right clavicle, inferior view

Figure 7.25a The scapula. Acromion Suprascapular notch Superior border Coracoid process Superior angle Glenoid cavity Figure 7.25a The scapula. Subscapular fossa Lateral border Medial border Inferior angle

Figure 7.25b The scapula. Coracoid process Suprascapular notch Superior angle Acromion Supraspinous fossa Figure 7.25b The scapula. Glenoid cavity at lateral angle Spine Infraspinous fossa Medial border Lateral border

Figure 7.25c The scapula. Supraspinous fossa Supraglenoid tubercle Acromion Coracoid process Figure 7.25c The scapula. Glenoid cavity Spine Supraspinous fossa Infraspinous fossa Infraglenoid tubercle Infraspinous fossa Subscapular fossa Subscapular fossa Posterior Anterior Inferior angle

Greater tubercle Head of humerus Greater tubercle Humerus Coronoid fossa Lesser tubercle Anatomical neck Capitulum Medial epicondyle Inter- tubercular sulcus Surgical neck Head of radius Trochlea Figure 7.26 The humerus of the right arm and detailed views of articulation at the elbow. Coronoid process of ulna Radial tuberosity Radial notch Radial groove Radius Ulna (c) Anterior view at the elbow region Deltoid tuberosity Deltoid tuberosity Humerus Olecranon fossa Medial supracondylar ridge Olecranon process Lateral epicondyle Lateral supracondylar ridge Coronoid fossa Olecranon fossa Medial epicondyle Radial fossa Medial epicondyle Head Lateral epicondyle Ulna Neck Capitulum Trochlea Radius (a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view (d) Posterior view of extended elbow

Figure 7.27a Radius and ulna of the right forearm. Radial notch of the ulna Olecranon process Trochlear notch Head Coronoid process Neck Proximal radioulnar joint Radial tuberosity Figure 7.27a Radius and ulna of the right forearm. Interosseous membrane Ulna Radius Ulnar notch of the radius Head of ulna Styloid process of radius Styloid process of ulna Distal radioulnar joint

Figure 7.27b Radius and ulna of the right forearm. Olecranon process Head of radius Neck of radius Figure 7.27b Radius and ulna of the right forearm. Interosseous membrane Ulna Ulnar notch of the radius Head of ulna Radius Styloid process of ulna Styloid process of radius

Olecranon process View Trochlear notch Coronoid process Radial notch

Figure 7.27d Radius and ulna of the right forearm. Ulnar notch of radius Articulation for lunate Figure 7.27d Radius and ulna of the right forearm. Articulation for scaphoid Styloid process View Head of ulna Styloid process

Figure 7.28b Bones of the left hand. Phalanges • Distal • Middle • Proximal Figure 7.28b Bones of the left hand. Metacarpals • Head • Shaft • Base Carpals Carpals • Hamate • Trapezium • Capitate • Triquetrum • Trapezoid • Lunate • Scaphoid Ulna Radius

Base of sacrum Iliac crest Sacroiliac joint Iliac fossa Anterior superior iliac spine Sacral promontory Coxal bone (os coxae or hip bone) Anterior inferior iliac spine llium Sacrum Pubic bone Pelvic brim Coccyx Acetabulum Pubic tubercle Ischium Pubic crest Pubic symphysis Pubic arch

Figure 7.30a Bones of the bony pelvis. Anterior gluteal line Ilium Ala Posterior gluteal line Iliac crest Posterior superior iIiac spine Anterior superior iliac spine Figure 7.30a Bones of the bony pelvis. Posterior inferior iliac spine Inferior gluteal line Greater sciatic notch Anterior inferior iliac spine Ischial body Acetabulum Ischial spine Lesser sciatic notch Pubic body Pubis Ischium Inferior ramus of pubis Ischial tuberosity Obturator foramen Ischial ramus

Figure 7.30b Bones of the bony pelvis. Ilium Iliac fossa Iliac crest Posterior superior iliac spine Anterior superior iliac spine Figure 7.30b Bones of the bony pelvis. Posterior inferior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine Auricular surface Body of the ilium Arcuate line Greater sciatic notch Superior ramus of pubis Ischial spine Lesser sciatic notch Pubic tubercle Obturator foramen Articular surface of pubis (at pubic symphysis) Ischium Inferior ramus of pubis Ischial ramus

Figure 7.31b Bones of the right knee and thigh. Neck Fovea capitis Greater trochanter Head Inter- trochanteric crest Lesser trochanter Intertrochanteric line Figure 7.31b Bones of the right knee and thigh. Gluteal tuberosity Linea aspera Medial and lateral supra- condylar lines Lateral condyle Intercondylar fossa Lateral epicondyle Medial condyle Lateral epicondyle Adductor tubercle Patellar surface Medial epicondyle Anterior view Posterior view

Figure 7.31a Bones of the right knee and thigh. Apex Figure 7.31a Bones of the right knee and thigh. Anterior Facet for lateral condyle of femur Facet for medial condyle of femur Surface for patellar ligament Posterior

Figure 7.32a The tibia and fibula of the right leg. Lateral condyle Intercondylar eminence Head Medial condyle Proximal tibiofibular joint Tibial tuberosity Figure 7.32a The tibia and fibula of the right leg. Interosseous membrane Anterior border Fibula Tibia Distal tibiofibular joint Articular surface Lateral malleolus Medial malleolus

Figure 7.32b The tibia and fibula of the right leg. Articular surface of medial condyle Articular surface of lateral condyle Medial condyle Head of fibula Figure 7.32b The tibia and fibula of the right leg. Interosseous membrane Tibia Fibula Articular surface Medial malleolus Lateral malleolus

Figure 7.33a Bones of the right foot. Phalanges Distal Middle Figure 7.33a Bones of the right foot. Proximal 1 2 3 4 5 Metatarsals Medial cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneiform Navicular Cuboid Tarsals Talus Trochlea of talus Calcaneus

Figure 7.34a Arches of the foot. Medial longitudinal arch Figure 7.34a Arches of the foot. Transverse arch Lateral longitudinal arch

Figure 7.35 Skull of a newborn. Frontal suture Frontal bone Anterior fontanelle Ossification center Figure 7.35 Skull of a newborn. Parietal bone Posterior fontanelle Occipital bone (a) Superior view Parietal bone Frontal bone Ossification center Sphenoidal fontanelle Posterior fontanelle Temporal bone (squamous portion) Mastoid fontanelle Occipital bone (b) Lateral view

Figure 7.17d Ligaments and fibrocartilage discs uniting the vertebrae. Nucleus pulposus of intact disc Figure 7.17d Ligaments and fibrocartilage discs uniting the vertebrae. Herniated nucleus pulposus (d) MRI of lumbar region of vertebral column in sagittal section showing herniated disc