The First Civilizations Chapter 1 Section Students relate the moral and ethical principles in ancient Greek and Roman philosophy, in Judaism, and in Christianity to the development of Western political thought. 1. Analyze the similarities and differences in Judeo-Christian and Greco-Roman views of law, reason and faith, and duties of the individual.

Objectives Students will be able to: Students will be able to: 1. Describe aspects of ancient civilizations including laws, daily life, and religion 1. Describe aspects of ancient civilizations including laws, daily life, and religion 2. Explain the main ideas expressed in Judaism 2. Explain the main ideas expressed in Judaism 3. Describe religion and the Caste System in India 3. Describe religion and the Caste System in India

A. Ancient River Civilizations 1) First four civilizations 1) First four civilizations –Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China –built near rivers –had cities, writing, and laws –European civilizations still live in caves and hunt 2) Civilization 2) Civilization –Ancient civilizations had law codes –Also created the idea of Divine kingship

3) City-States of Mesopotamia 3) City-States of Mesopotamia –Cities which controlled the surrounding countryside –Iraq is one of the oldest

4) The Empire of Hammurabi 4) The Empire of Hammurabi –1792 B.C., Babylonians ruled Meso. –Hammurabi was their leader –Created the oldest written law code, the Code of Hammurabi –282 laws –Mesopotamia was a patriarchal society

What do we know about Ancient Mesopotamia? “if a physician make a large incision with the operating knife, and kill him,... his hands shall be cut off." –Code of Hammurabi "If any one bring an accusation of any crime before the elders, and does not prove what he has charged, he shall, if it be a capital offense charged, be put to death." –Code of Hammurabi If any one finds runaway male or female slaves in the open country and bring them to their masters, the master of the slaves shall pay him two shekels of silver.” – Code of Hammurabi

B. Egypt and Divine Kingship 1) The Nile River 1) The Nile River – –Allowed for crops – –Developed irrigation 2) Divine Kingship –Ruled by Pharoah –people thought they were gods on earth

C. The New Centers of Civilization: The Israelites 1) History 1) History –Semitic-speaking people –Created the religion of Judaism which later influenced Xianty –King Solomon  United all tribes of Israel into one kingdom  Built a temple in Jerusalem

` 2) Judaism 2) Judaism – Jews are Monotheistic –Three aspects of Jewish law: –The Covenant: contract made between Abraham and God –As long as the Israelites abided by God’s laws, He would watch over them –The Law: given to Moses on Mount Sinai the Jews were supposed to follow –The Prophets: Religious people that God spoke through

What do we know about Ancient Israel? “Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed’ Genesis 9:6 Ten Commandments: Do not have any other gods before me Do not make idols Do not take the name of God in vain Remember the Sabbath Day to keep it holy Honor your father and mother Do not kill Do not commit adultery Do not steal Do not give false testimony against someone else Do not covet (envy) – –Exodus 20:1-17

2. Ancient India A. Indus River Valley A. Indus River Valley –Harrapan or Indus Civilizations –Had a piped water supply and bathrooms –1500, B.C the Aryans began to dominate the area –They created the caste system that exists in India today

B. Caste System B. Caste System –Ranked people from high to low –Brahmins at the top (Priests) –Kshatriyas next (warriors) –Vaisyas (commoners) –Sudras (peasants) –The Untouchables (undesirables) –No social mobility

C. Hinduism C. Hinduism –Polytheistic (many gods) –View time as circular rather than linear –Teach reincarnation and karma –Goal is to achieve moshka or release from reincarnation cycle D. Buddhism D. Buddhism –similar to Hinduism –Begun by Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha) –Polytheistic –Goal is to achieve Nirvana, similar to moshka

4. Ancient China A. Confucianism A. Confucianism Confucius was a teacher to hundreds of students in China Confucius was a teacher to hundreds of students in China 1) concentrated on the idea that people were naturally good 1) concentrated on the idea that people were naturally good 2) Concentrated not on the supernatural world but on the real world 2) Concentrated not on the supernatural world but on the real world 3) Obedience to leaders was very important 3) Obedience to leaders was very important