1 Kingdom Plantae Plant Structure and Functions Ch. 20 and 21

2 Characteristics Multicellular, eukaryotic Cell wall made of ________. Autotrophic (Photosynthesis) _________ –waxy layer that prevents water loss

3 Plants Non-vascularVascular SeedlessSeeds Gymnosperm Angiosperm Monocot Dicot

4 Non-vascular plants Lack vascular tissue for transport of materials; lack _____ _____, _____ & ______. Transport necessary materials by diffusion & osmosis Tend to be _____ & _____. Live in _____, _____ places Contain ________, root-like structure that anchors the plant & absorb water. Ex. ______, _______

5 Vascular plants Have vascular tissue such as ______ (water) and _____ (food).

6 Seedless Vascular plants Have vascular tissues such as xylem (water & minerals) and phloem(sugar) Dominant – _________ generation Produce drought resistant _______ that have thick walls that are resistant to drying. Ex. _____, _______

7 Vascular plant with seeds Advantages of seeds 1)__________ 2)__________ 3)__________ 4)__________ Gymnosperm vs. Angiosperm

8 Gymnosperm Means “naked seed”- seeds NOT protected by a fruit (usually cones) Ex. _______ (pine tree, spruce, fir), cycads, ginko

9 Angiosperm Produce seeds enclosed in ______. They have _______. A fruit is a ripened ______ of a flower.

10 Flowers modified ______ with leaves specialized for sexual reproduction

11 The Parts of a flower

12 Angiosperm: Monocot vs. Dicot Monocot 1._____ cotyledon 2.______ leaves 3._______ vascular bundles in stems 4.________ root 5.Flower petals - multiples of ___ Dicot 1._____ cotyledon 2._______ leaves 3.Vascular bundles arranged in ____ 4._________ root 5.Flower petals – multiples of _____

13 Angiosperm: Monocot vs. Dicot

14 Plant Structure Vascular plants contain vascular tissues in stems, roots, and leaves.

3 Types of Plant Cells 1.Parenchyma Cells 2.Collenchyma Cells 3. Sclerenchyma Cells 15

1.Parenchyma Cells -thin-walled, and usually have a large central vacuole -Live cells loosely packed so large spaces between cells -Carry out __________ and _______________ ____________________in the plant. 16

2. Collenchyma Cells Live cells compactly arranged and do not have inter-cellular spaces. provides _______________, ___________, and tensile ____________ to the plant body. found in areas that are _____ ____________ and need to be strengthened. Ex. _____________________ 17

3. Sclerenchyma Cells the ____________ thick-walled, some dead cells. cells are closely packed without inter-cellular spaces between them. found in ______________ ______________________ 18

Plant Tissues ___________ - Cells forming the outer surface of the leaves and of the young plant body. ___________ -transport fluid and nutrients internally (xylem and phloem). ___________- produces nutrients by photosynthesis and stores reserve nutrients. 19

20 Stem above ground parts of plants that support leaves and flowers Stem Functions 1) ____________________________ 2) _____________________________________ _______________________________________ 3) _____________________________

21 Types of Stems 1) __________ Stem - green, thin, soft and flexible ex: daisy, carnation 2) _________ Stem - thick, hard, and rigid ex: trees, shrubs

Stem Structure 22

23 Root underground part of a plant Root Functions 1)________________ __________________ 2) ________________ __________________ 3)________________ _______________ 4)_________________ (ex: carrot, radish)

24 Types of Roots 1)_________ root - numerous thin roots that are highly branched (ex: ____________ __________________) 2) ________ root - central fleshy root with smaller branch root (ex: ________ __________________)

25 Root Structure _________ region (cell differentiation) _________ region (cell elongation) _________ region (cell division) * __________(protect inner cells)

Root 1. __________- to collect large amounts of water, nutrients and minerals in the soil. 2. ___________ - responsible for the formation of lateral roots in dicots 3. __________ (_____ tissue) -Protection of the root 4. _________ (______ tissue) -Storage of photosynthetic products -Active in the uptake of water and minerals 5. _________________ -a boundary between the cortex and the stele 26

27 Leaves Primary site for photosynthesis in plants

28 Leaf Structure 1)____________ (upper and lower) - covered by ________ to prevent water loss - lower epidermis = guard cells 2)____________= photosynthetic tissue a. _____________________ tightly packed column-shaped cells containing many ______________ to trap sunlight b. ________________________ loosely packed irregular-shaped cells containing air spaces (stomata)

29 Leaf structure 3)________= openings for gas exchange - ____________ (water loss through stomata) - controlled by ________ ________ (When water enters guard cells, they ________ & _____ the pore.) - ______ pressure due to water pressure

30 Plant Growth - plants grow by producing new cells in regions of active cell division called ______________ Primary plant growth - increase ________________of plant - growth occurs at _________________________ = tips of roots and stems - root grows downward; stem grows upward

31 Plant Growth Secondary growth -increase ______ of stems and roots -grow by _________ ________ and _____ _________

Secondary Growth Vascular Cambium - develops between primary xylem and primary phloem -secondary xylem grows towards center; secondary phloem grows towards outside Cork Cambium - lies within the bark; produces cork cells - forms as epidermis is stretched and broken 32

The Monocot Stem - A Stem Lacking Secondary Growth Monocot stems differ from dicot stems in that they lack secondary growth No _____________ nor ___________________ Stems usually uniform in diameter Scattered vascular bundles (not in a ring like dicot stems) 33