Chapter 18: Texas & the Civil War Section 2: The Civil War Begins

Bellwork What are the Union’s options against the South?

A Call to Arms April 1861: Confederate attack on Fort Sumter marked beginning of Civil War

Fort Sumter—April 4, 1861

Fort Sumter—April 1865

A Call to Arms Lincoln calls for 75,000 volunteers Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina secede Thousands of Texans rushed to join Confederate forces.

A Call to Arms End of 1861: 25,000 Texans in Confederate army Regiments—units of about 1,000 soldiers

A Call to Arms Terry’s Texas Rangers B.F. Terry Hood’s Texas Brigade John Bell Hood Ross’s Texas Brigade Lawrence Sullivan Ross

A Call to Arms Albert Sidney Johnston—Texan who was the second highest- ranking officer in the Confederate army until he was killed in battle Albert Sidney Johnston

Texas Readies for War Texas troop ill-equipped Texas government seized federal property Captured $1 million worth of supplies in San Antonio State’s resources put to use

Resources & Strategies Northern Advantages: –Larger population –Railroads –Factories –Established government

Resources & Strategies Southern advantages: –Experienced military leaders –Experience in riding horses and using firearms

Resources & Strategies Confederate strategy: –Defensive war –South’s greatest resource for trade with the world was cotton

Resources & Strategies Union strategy: –Blockade of southern seaports –Take control of the Mississippi –Capture Richmond, Virginia— capital of Confederacy

Resources & Strategies War in three theatres: –East: Washington D.C. & Richmond –Tennessee and Mississippi –West of the Mississippi River

The Major Battles of the Civil War Major battles took place east of the Mississippi First Battle of Bull Run (July 1861): –Union attempt to capture Richmond –Union forces drove out of Virginia

Home destroyed during First Battle of Bull Run—July 1861

The Major Battles of the Civil War Battle of Antietam (September 17, 1862): –Lee clashes with Union force in Maryland –Union victory –12,000 Union casualties –13,000 Confederate casualties –Bloodiest day in American History

President Lincoln and Gen. George B. McClellan in the general's tent

Allan Pinkerton, President Lincoln, and Maj. Gen. John A. McClernand

Battle of Antietam—September 17, 1862

Confederate Dead at Antietam

The Major Battles of the Civil War Battle of Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863) ‏ –Union victory –Lee on defensive for the rest of war –23,000 Union casualties –28,000 Confederate casualties

Soldiers at Gettysburg

Union and Confederate Dead at Gettysburg

The Major Battles of the Civil War The struggle to control the Mississippi River Valley was costly and of major significance to the war. Battle of Shiloh (April 1862): –Costly for both sides –Albert Sidney Johnston killed

The Major Battles of the Civil War Siege of Vicksburg (July 1863): –Controlled traffic on Mississippi –Six week siege –Confederacy split in two

U.S.S. St. Louis (Ironclad)‏

Section 2: The Civil War Begins Northern StrategySouthern Strategy