Objective: Examine the causes and effects of scientific revolutions and cite their major costs and benefits.

Ptolemy – ancient Greek astronomer Ptolemaic system – geocentric, earth is center of universe Nicholas Copernicus – 1543, heliocentric, sun is center of concentric spheres Kepler – proved planets move in elliptical orbits Astronomy

Nicholas Copernicus,

Johannes Kepler, 1571 – 1630

Kepler’s Universe

Galileo Galilei 1 st to study heavenly bodies with telescope Discovered mountains on Moon, Jupiter’s moons, sunspots Challenged Church’s doctrine on structure of universe Forced to recant by Catholic Church, 1633 Isaac Newton Defined three laws of motion governing planetary bodies Explained all motion in the universe Developed calculus to prove universal law of gravitation Astronomy continued…

Galileo before the Inquisition in Rome

Vesalius – dissected human bodies; advanced anatomy William Harvey – discovered blood circulates throughout human body Joseph Priestly – discovered O2 & invented carbonated drinks Antoine Lavoisier – founder of modern chemistry Medicine and chemistry

Andreas Vesalius,

William Harvey, 1578 – 1657

Joseph Priestly,

Joseph Priestly & O2

Antoine Lavoisier, Father of Modern Chemistry

René Descartes – French philosopher Father of rationalism Rationalism – reason is chief source of knowledge “I think, therefore I am” Reasoning and the scientific method

René Descartes,

Frances Bacon – English philosopher Inductive reasoning – proceed from particular to the general Deductive reasoning – from the general to the particular Scientific method – systematic procedure for experimentation Formulate hypothesis (theory) Collect and analyze evidence Carefully organized experiments Test hypothesis Lead to correct general principles Reasoning and the scientific method continued…

Scientific Method