Chapter 9 The Late Middle Ages: Social and Political Breakdown (1300–1453) Chapter 9 The Late Middle Ages: Social and Political Breakdown (1300–1453) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

A procession of flagellants at Tournai in Flanders in 1349, marching with the crucified Christ and scourging themselves in imitation of his suffering. © ARPL/HIP/The Image Works

Black Death, 1348–1350 Precursor: overpopulation & malnutrition Agricultural improvements increase food supply; European population doubles, 1000–1300, thereafter outstripping food production 1315–1317: crop failures produce worst famine of Middle Ages Bubonic plague (“Black Death”) followed trade routes from Asia into Europe, probably via fleas on rats from Black Sea area Popular remedies: relevant medical knowledge absent Aromatic amulets Temperance & moderation Promiscuity & abandon Flight & seclusion Self-flagellation Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

Path of the Plague

Black Death (cont.) Economic consequences: Dramatic labor shortage, climbing wages for laborers & artisans Falling agricultural, climbing luxury prices—noble landowners hardest hit Attempts to freeze wages & force peasants to stay on land  peasant revolts Cities (artisans) benefit from demand for luxury goods Political/social consequences: Artisan guilds win some political power Kings take advantage of weakened nobility & church Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

The Prince of the World, a sandstone sculpture, vividly portrays the transitory nature of life. When viewers look behind the attractive young prince, they discover his beauty to be only skin deep. His body, like every human body, is filled with death, here symbolized by worms and flesh-eating frogs. A serpent spirals up his left leg and enters his back, an allusion to the biblical teaching that the wages of sin are death. Stadt Nürnberg

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. A caricature of physicians (early sixteenth century). A physician carries a uroscope (for collecting and examining urine); discolored urine signaled an immediate need for bleeding. The physician/surgeon wears surgical shoes and his assistant carries a flail—a comment on the risks of medical services. Hacker Art Books Inc.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. This illustration from the Canon of Medicine by the Persian physician and philosopher Avicenna (980–1037), whose Arabic name was Ibn Sina, shows him visiting the homes of rich patients. In the High Middle Ages, the Canon of Medicine was the standard medical textbook in the Middle East and Europe. Biblioteca Universitaria, Bologna, Italy. Scala/Art Resource, NY

Lancing a Buboe

Medieval Art & the Plague

Bring out your dead!

Medieval Art & the Plague An obsession with death.

Boccaccio in The Decameron The victims ate lunch with their friends and dinner with their ancestors.

The Danse Macabre

Hundred Years’ War (1337–1453) Nominal cause: English king Edward III’s claim on French throne, thwarted by accession of first Valois king, Philip VI (r. 1328–1350) Larger cause: English-French territorial, commercial, & cultural rivalry French weakness: larger & wealthier, but more internal discord Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

Edward III pays homage to his feudal lord Philip VI of France. Legally, Edward was a vassal of the king of France. Archives Snark International/Art Resource, NY

Hundred Years’ War (cont.) First phase (under Edward III) Flanders allies with England, recognizing Edward as king of France, 1340 English seize Calais, 1346 English rout the French near Poitiers, 1356; French king John II taken captive 1360 treaty: John II ransomed, English claims in France recognized, Edward renounces claim to French throne Second phase (Treaty of Troyes) English war effort flags due to peasant revolts Recommences with English victory at Agincourt, 1415 Duchy of Burgundy joins English Treaty of Troyes, 1420: named English Henry V successor to French Charles VI, but both soon die Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

Military Characteristics The war was a series of short raids and expeditions punctuated by a few major battles, marked off by truces or ineffective treaties. The relative strengths of each country dictated the sporadic nature of the struggle. France was far richer and more populous than England. England fielded better armies, despite being outnumbered at nearly all engagements. They also made better use of longbows and cannon at Crecy, Agincourt, and Poitiers. Britain’s most successful strategy: The Chevauchee - Avoid pitched battles, engage in quick, profitable raids, steal what you can, destroy everything else. Capture enemy knights to hold for ransom.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. A Burgundian Presence

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. Map 9–2 THE HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR The Hundred Years’ War went on intermittently from the late 1330s until These maps show the remarkable English territorial gains up to the sudden and decisive turning of the tide of battle in favor of the French by the forces of Joan of Arc in 1429.

Hundred Years’ War (cont.) Third phase (Joan of Arc) French teenage peasant Joan of Arc declares call from God to deliver besieged Orléans from English Tired English repulsed, followed by string of French victories Joan captured 1430, tried & burned as heretic at English-held Rouen English forced back, conclude war with Calais as only French possession (1453) Summary: 68 years of peace, 44 of war; France devastated, but national feeling awakened; English & French peasants suffer most from taxes & services Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

Chapter 9, Part 2 The Late Medieval Church and the Avignon Papacy The Great Schism Russia and the Mongols

Late Medieval Church Papal monarchy established by Pope Innocent III strengthened the church politically, but weakened it spiritually—undermined popular support Innocent’s successors: tightened & centralized church legal proceedings; elaborated clerical taxation; broadened papal powers of appointment Demise of Hohenstaufens took away galvanizing enemy of church, made it vulnerable Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

Boniface VIII (r. 1294–1303) vs. Philip the Fair (r. 1285–1314) French & English kings raise taxes on clergy; Pope Boniface decrees new taxes need papal consent French king Philip the Fair cuts off flow of money to Rome; Boniface concedes Boniface issues Unam Sanctam (1302), as confrontation with Philip ramps up, asserting subordination of temporal to spiritual power French army assault & injure Boniface, who later dies Result: Popes never again seriously threaten European rulers Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

Pope Boniface VIII (r. 1294– 1303), depicted here, opposed the taxation of the clergy by the kings of France and England and issued one of the strongest declarations of papal authority over rulers, the bull Unam Sanctam. This statue is in the Museo Civico, Bologna, Italy.

Avignon Papacy (1309–1377) Pope Clement V moves papal court here to escape strife of Rome To get needed revenue, papal taxes go up, and sale of indulgences begins Pope John XXII (r. 1316–1334)—most powerful Avignon pope Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

John Wycliffe (d. 1384) and John Huss (d. 1415) Lollards: followers of Wycliffe, English spokesman for rights of royalty against popes; challenged indulgences, papal infallibility, transubstantiation—anticipates Protestantism Hussites: followers of Huss, rector of University of Prague—similar to Lollards Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

A portrayal of John Huss as he was led to the stake at Constance. After his execution, his bones and ashes were scattered in the Rhine River to prevent his followers from claiming them as relics. This pen- and-ink drawing is from Ulrich von Richenthal’s Chronicle of the Council of Constance (ca. 1450).

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved. Justice in the late Middle Ages. Depicted are the most common forms of corporal and capital punishment in Europe in the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance. At top: burning, hanging, drowning. At center: blinding, quartering, the wheel, cutting of hair (a mark of great shame for a freeman). At bottom: thrashing, decapitation, amputation of hand (for thieves).

Great Schism (1378–1417) Urban VI and Clement VII—rival popes; England & allies support Urban, France & allies support Clement Conciliar Theory: idea that a representative council could regulate actions of pope Council of Pisa (1409–1410): deposed Urban & Clement (who refused to step down), elected Alexander V—three contending popes Council of Constance (1414–1417): provided for regular councils every few years Council of Basel (1431–1449): height of conciliar government of church; negotiated directly with heretics (Hussites) Results of conciliar movement: greater religious responsibility to laity & secular governments Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

Mongol Rule in Russia (1243– 1480) Mongols, or Tatars, sweep through China, Islamic world, & Russia, 13th c. Ghengis Khan (1155–1227) invades Russia, 1223 Russian cities become tribute-paying principalities of part of Mongol Empire known as the Golden Horde Russians impressed into Mongol military service, women taken as wives/concubines, some sold into slavery Partial Islamization of Russian society 1380: beginning of Mongol decline in Russia; ends 1480 under Ivan the Great Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

Genghis Khan holding an audience. This Persian miniature shows the great conqueror and founder of the Mongol empire with members of his army and entourage as well as an apparent supplicant (lower right).