Chapter Nine Compound Sentences

Compound Sentence- contains at least two subjects and two verbs usually arranged in an SV/SV pattern. Bob wrecked his car last week, and now he rides the bus to work. **A compound sentence can be divided into two parts, each of which can be a separate sentence by itself. **A compound sentence consists of at least 2 independent clauses joined together to form a single sentence.

Conjunction- a word that joins words or groups of words. Coordinating conjunctions- join two groups of words that are of equal grammatical importance. The president entered the room, AND band began to play “Hail to the Chief.” Notice that a comma precedes the coordinating conjunction. AND BUT FOR (when it means because) NOR ORSO YET

**2ND way of joining clauses in a compound sentence is to use a semicolon (;) in place of both the comma and the coordinating conjunction. They occur less frequently because some type of connecting word is usually needed to show the relationship between the clauses.

For example, My grandfather has lived in the U.S. for fifty years; he has never learned to speak English. The significance of these two statements is not clear to the reader. However, My grandfather has lived in the U.S. for fifty years, but he has never learned to speak English. Makes the relationship more clear to the reader.

**3rd way to show relationship between clauses of a compound sentence is to use a conjunctive adverb. Conjunctive adverb- connects like other conjunctions and modifies like other adverbs. *A semicolon is required between the clauses. A comma follows the conjunctive adverb.

Most frequently used conjunctive adverbs: ALSO INCIDENTALLYNONETHELESS ANYWAY INDEEDOTHERWISE BESIDES INSTEADSTILL CONSEQUENTLY LIKEWISETHEN FINALLY MEANWHILETHEREFORE FURTHERMORE MOREOVERTHUS HENCE NEVERTHELESS HOWEVER NEXT

*Examples of construction: Bob loved to surf; therefore, he lived near the beach. Bob loved to surf; he, therefore, lived near the beach. Bob loved to surf; he lived near the beach, therefore. Roberto drives carefully; his brother, however, does not.

Punctuation RULES applicable to compound sentences: If the clauses in a compound sentence are joined by a coordinating conjunction, place a comma BEFORE the conjunction. This sentence is compound, and it contains a comma. Although a compound sentence may contain more than one coordinating conjunction, the comma is place BEFORE the conjunction that joins THE CLAUSES. Jan and I attended the same college, and now we work for the same company. If the clauses in a compound sentence are NOT joined by a coordinating conjunction, place a semicolon (;) between the clauses. I don’t have my book with me; I must have left it at home.

Chapter Ten Complex and Compound- Complex Sentences

*Independent clauses can stand alone. *Dependent clauses cannot stand alone and must be attached to an independent clause. Adverb clauses- describe a verb. **The subordinating conjunctions used to begin these clauses describe verbs by telling:

HOW: as if, as though WHEN: after, as, as soon as, before, until, when, whenever, while WHERE: where, wherever WHY: because, in order that, since, so that UNDER WHAT CONDITIONS: although, as long as, even though, if, though, unless

*The clause that contains the subordinating conjunction is the dependent clause. 1. If the dependent clause is FIRST in the sentence, it is followed by a comma. When Julia sings, she is very happy. If it doesn’t rain, the crops will be ruined. 2. If the independent clause is FIRST in the sentence, no comma is needed. Stephanie welcomed her guests before she performed at the club.

Compound-Complex sentence- when a sentence contains a dependent clause and two independent clauses. I rushed to the store, but I had forgotten my wallet when I parked the car. Although I want to get a better job, I don’t want to leave this city, and my family doesn’t want me to move either.

1. They may be joined with a comma and a coordinating conjunction. 2. They may be joined with only a semicolon. 3. When the dependent adverbial clause comes after the independent clause, it is NOT set off with a comma. 4. When the dependent adverbial clause comes before the independent clause, it IS set off with a comma.