I.European Exploration A. Reasons: 1. Wanted direct trade route with Asia (wanted spices) 2. improved technology that enable them to explore: a. caravel ships with cannons b. more accurate maps c. astrolabe to determine latitude 3. Gold, glory & God

New piracy ?id=68190

B. The Portuguese 1. Prince Henry the Navigator: explore W. Africa in hopes of finding gold & to spread Christianity 2. Bartholomeu Diaz: sail around tip of Africa, Cape of Good Hope, & open sea route to Asia 3. Vasco da Gama: Sail to India via Cape of Good Hope = Portuguese dominate trade in the Indian Ocean

II. Conquest in the Americas A. Spain in the “New World” : Columbus looks for “Indies”; finds Caribbean, a.k.a. West Indies 2. Conquistadors look for gold in the Americas & enslave native peoples a. pan for gold b. Forced conversion to Christianity c. Diseases: smallpox, influenza, & measles which kill many

d. The conquistadors: i. Hernan Cortes (1519): Conquers Aztec Empire, despite Montezuma’s resistance, and takes the capital, Tenochtitlan (becomes Mexico City) ii. Francisco Piazzaro (1532) conquers Incan Empire in Peru

Aztecs and Incas

3. Reasons Spain conquered Central & South Americas: a. superior military technology b. internal divisions in Native American Empires c. weak resistance to European diseases d. natives gave up BUT many indigenous people resisted by maintaining their own culture

III. Dispute between Portugal & Spain A. Rival claims to colonies 1. Pope Alexander VI solves with the Line of Demarcation a. west of the line: Spain b. east of the line: Portugal

IV. Spanish & Portuguese colonies in the Americas: A. Spanish Empire 1. location: extended from California to Peru 2. authority: a. viceroys represent the king in each province b. Church authority expands with the empire

3. Economy: a. Mercantilism b. Sugar, gold, & silver are the main exports c. Conquistadors get encomiendas 4. hero: Bartolome de las Casa: a. Priest who wrote to the king about the abuses in the encomienda system which prompted new laws to ban the enslaving of Native Americans. (slavery ends technically)

5. Outcomes: a. Natives must work the land to pay off large debts b. begin to import & enslave Africans i. Africans outnumber the Europeans ii. many rebel, run away, or buy freedom

V. Colonial Society & Culture A.Social Hierarchy 1. Peninsulars: Spanish born. Held powerful positions in the government & the Church 2. Creoles: American born descendents of Spanish settlers. Owned most of the plantations, ranches, & mines 3a. Mestizos: People of native American & European descent. 3b. Mulattoes: People of African & European decent. 4. Native American & African mix

B. Life in the City 1. Mexico City was the largest Spanish speaking city in the world!!! 2. Universities were established for upper class males. Women could only get an education if they joined the convent.

VI. Other colonies A. Portuguese in Brazil 1. Had large plantations on which natives and African slaves were forced to work B. France in Canada: from Quebec to the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico 1. Samuel Champlain built the first permanent French settlement in Quebec. 2. Fishing & fur trading thrive C. The 13 English Colonies

D. Impacts of Colonization on Native Americans: 1. many die of war & disease 2. European settlers adopt Indian crops (corn, beans, & squash) 3. Many places are named after Native Americans today

VII. Slavery A. Atlantic Slave Trade (slavery existed since ancient times) 1. Fill Spain’s need for labor in Americas since many natives died 2. From 1500s to the late 1800s over 10 million Africans were shipped to Americas to use as slaves on plantations (most used in Caribbean) 3. Many were captured & sold to European slave traders by other Africans for gold, guns, & rum

B. Triangular Trade 1. finished goods transported from Europe to the West Coast of Africa 2. Slaves transported from west coast of Africa to the Americas 3. goods produced on the plantation were sent to Europe for sale in markets (tobacco, sugar, coffee, etc.) 4. The route that slave ships took was called the Middle Passage 5. Slaves suffered horrible conditions a. very little food, fresh water, exercise during the passage b. approximately 20% die along the way c. worked in mines, fields, or as servants 6. some slaves would resist

C. Battles for Power in South Africa : Dutch establish Cape Town. Dutch farmers known as Boers 2. Batu speaking people already live in area 3. Zulu people conquering others in Africa and incorporating them into the Zulu nation s Cape Town becomes British and Boers become unhappy with British rule. Dutch move north & contact Zulus : Boers v. Zulus. Boers win due to superior weaponry

VIII. Columbia Exchange: Global Trade that began with & is named after Columbus. Plants, animals, people & diseases were exchanged. A. Effects of the exchange: 1.Inflation occurred in Europe due to the increased money supply & high demand for goods 2. Growth of capitalism & joint stock ventures 3. Growth of mercantilism: Policy of colonial powers selling more goods than it buys from other countries 4. Tariffs protect markets in mother country (taxes on imports)