1. AGE OF EXPLORATION

2.  After Columbus & Magellan…  Hernan Cortes (Spain) - conquistador who arrived in Mexico in 1519, looking for lands to claim & searching for “City of Gold”

3.  Came across Aztec Empire  Greeted by Montezuma  Aztecs thought Spaniards were “iron-clad gods”  Defeated Aztecs (1. Superior weapons, 2. Used enemies to help, 3. Disease)  Tenochtitlan (Aztec capital) became Mexico City

5.  Conquistador who arrived in Inca Empire (Peru) in 1523  Captured Atahualpa for ransom of gold/silver  Spanish eventually conquered, taking over lands from Ecuador to Chile

6.  Military: horses, muskets, cannons, armor  Division among natives: Aztecs/Incas had many tribal enemies  Oppression/abuse of Native Americans: forced to work in encomienda system (slave farming)  Disease: new to Native Americans; challenged beliefs

8.  90% of indigenous population died b/c of enslavement, overwork, or diseases:  Smallpox  Measles  Influenza  Many converted to Christianity by force  Caught in battle between Spain & Portugal

9.  1494 - Agreement between Spain & Portugal negotiated by Pope Alexander VI  LINE OF DEMARCATION divides “New World”  Portugal gets everything EAST of the line (Brazil & East Indies)  Spain gets everything WEST of the line (Central America, Caribbean, & most of South America)

11.  Can only import/export with Spain  MERCANTILISM: how much gold/silver a country has  ORDER OF SOCIAL CLASS in New Spain:  Peninsulares – born in Spain  Creoles – American-born descendents of Spanish settlers  Mestizos – Native & Spanish descent  Mulattoes – Spanish & African descent  Native Americans  African slaves

13.  Nobles given land grants; shared profits with king in Portugal  Turned to plantation agriculture (esp. sugar) and livestock raising  5 million + Africans brought into Brazil as slaves

15.  1500-1600  Great exchange of new foods, plants, animals, culture, tools, humans, technology, and diseases between the Old World (Europe/Africa) and the New World (America)