JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES – Austrian Results in an International Context Gerfried Jungmeier Conference on POWER ENGINEERING May 14 – 16, 2013, Maribor, Slovenia Fördergeber

Challenges for the Successful Market Introduction of Electric-Vehicles Additional renewable electricity Electric-vehicles 1) On the market available 2) Substituting gasoline&diesel Charging infrastructure The consumer Monitoring: Electricity, emissions

Statement on Environmental Assessment of Electric Vehicles “There is international consensus that the environmental effects of electric vehicles can only be analyzed on the basis of life cycle assessment (LCA) including the production, operation and the end of life treatment of the vehicles” “….and in comparison to conventional vehicles”

Assessment of LCA-Aspects over Full Value Chain Transportation service „End of life management“ Dismantling of vehicle Primary Energy Electricity production Electricity grid Charging infrastructure Electric vehicle Production of vehicle Production of battery

Challenges for the Successful Market Introduction of Electric-Vehicles Additional renewable electricity Electric-vehicles 1) On the market available 2) Substituting gasoline&diesel Charging infrastructure The consumer Monitoring: Electricity, emissions

All Types of Electricity Generation Have GHG Emissions Source: Joanneum Research based on LCA

Additional Renewable Electricity Production and Electric Vehicles 7 1.Direct connection 2.Via storage 3.„Store in Grid“ 4.Real loading modelling How to connect?

PV electricity from PV electricity from wind Direct Use of Renewable Electricity for Loading of EVS

PV Li-Ion Battery Hydro Pump Storage electricity from PV electricity from wind 100% of Electricity for Vehicle is Stored in Battery or Hydro Pump Storage

GHG Emissions for Different Loading Strategies with Renewable Electricity 10

PV substitution of natural gas CC power plant during the day, e.g. “lunch time” 1 kWh η = <100% 100% of Renewable Electricity for EVs “Stored in the Power Grid” Additional electricity from coal power plant during night

PV substitution of natural gas CC power plant Loading of EV 1 kWh η = 90% Production η = 90% Saving 0.7 kWh Direct PV loading 0,3 kWh Indirect PV loading 0.7 kWh PV production 1 kWh “Real Loading Modeling” – e.g. 30% Direct PV Electricity

Challenges for the Successful Market Introduction of Electric Vehicles Additional renewable electricity Electric-vehicles 1) On the market available 2) Substituting gasoline&diesel Charging infrastructure The consumer Monitoring: Electricity, emissions

Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Vehicle Production Source: ELEKTRA 2009

Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Electric Battery Vehicle Austrian grid mix: 53% hydro; 3.1% wind, 2.2% biomass, 22% natural gas, 1.1% oil, 14% coal, 4,6% nuclear Source: ELEKTRA 2009 Battery key issues -Life time of battery -End of life – recycling -Main impacts of production: alumium, cathode material (cobalt, nickel)

Summary and Outlook Additional renewable electricity Electric-vehicles 1) On the market available 2) Substituting gasoline&diesel Charging infrastructure The consumer Monitoring: Electricity, emissions

The Key Issue for Eco-Mobility: Energy Efficiency Fuel consumption [kWh/100km] Greenhouse gas emissions [g CO 2 -eq/km] FT-Biodiesel wood Biodiesel rape*) Diesel Ren-H 2 hydro power Electricity hydro power Electricity natural gas Electricity UCTE mix Source: LCA of passenger vehicles, Joanneum Research, *) without iLUC Internal combustion engine and battery electric passenger cars

The Key Issue for Eco-Mobility: Energy Efficiency Fuel consumption [kWh/100km] Greenhouse gas emissions [g CO 2 -eq/km] FT-Biodiesel wood Biodiesel rape Diesel Ren-H 2 hydro power Electricity hydro power Electricity natural gas Electricity UCTE mix Internal combustion engine and battery electric passenger cars Source: LCA of passenger vehicles, Joanneum Research, *) without iLUC Heating&cool- ing increases electricity demand significantly

The Key Issue for Eco-Mobility: Energy Efficiency Fuel consumption [kWh/100km] Greenhouse gas emissions [g CO 2 -eq/km] FT-Biodiesel wood Biodiesel rape Diesel Ren-H 2 hydro power Electricity hydro power Electricity natural gas Electricity UCTE mix Internal combustion engine and battery electric passenger cars Reduction -90% Source: LCA of passenger vehicles, Joanneum Research, *) without iLUC

The Key Issue for Eco-Mobility: Energy Efficiency Fuel consumption [kWh/100km] Greenhouse gas emissions [g CO 2 -eq/km] FT-Biodiesel wood Biodiesel rape Diesel Ren-H 2 hydro power Electricity hydro power Electricity natural gas Electricity UCTE mix Internal combustion engine and battery electric passenger cars Increase +30% Source: LCA of passenger vehicles, Joanneum Research, *) without iLUC

IEA Hybrid&Electric Vehicles: 18 Countries in 9 Running Task South Korea

Task 19 (2012 – 2014) Life Cycle Assessment of Electric Vehicles - From raw material resources to waste management of vehicles with an electric drivetrain

Our Activities: 2012 – Kick-off meeting Workshop I: „LCA metho- dology and case studies“ Workshop II: „LCA aspects of battery and vehicle production“ Workshop IV: „LCA aspects of electricity production,distribution and charging infrastructure“ Workshop III: „End of life management“ Final event: „Results of Annex“ April 25 – 26; 2013 Chicago/USA December 7, 2012 Braunschweig/G

LCA Based GHG Emissions of Battery Electric Vehicle Source: own calcullation under discussion of IEA HEV Task 19 Fossil fueled vehicles (conventional sources) Saving > 35% With current average electricity mix Unconventional shale oil&gas have higher GHG emissions

Summary Electricity consumption of EVs must be optimized considering heating&cooling demand Environmental Assessment of EVs only possible on Life Cycle Assessment compared to conventional vehicles Production and “end of life phase” relevant for EVs, but additional data for LCA are necessary Renewable electricity offers high environmental benefits for EVs with adequate loading strategies IEA HEV Task 19 is international Platform for Life Cycle Assessment of EVs Consumer behaviour is essential on environmental benefits/impact of EVs

Your Contact Gerfried Jungmeier JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH. RESOURCES – Institute for Water, Energy and Sustainability Energy Research Group Elisabethstraße 18 A-8010 Graz, AUSTRIA