1. Efficiency in industry through electro-technologies Paul Baudry, EDF / R&D The future of Energy in Enlarged Europe, Warsaw 7-8th october 2004

2. 2 Outline European policy related to energy efficiency Energy efficiency and electricity The influence of energy accounting system Efficient electro-technologies in industry Conclusion

3. 3 European policy on energy efficiency  Drivers -Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions -Security of energy supply  Target -Annual energy savings : 1% of final energy  European directives -Proposal for a Directive on energy end-use efficiency and energy services -Directive on energy efficiency in buildings -Directive on Integrated Prevention and Pollution Control -Directive on tradable CO2 emission permits

4. 4 Global Trends in Energy use : 1970-2000 The manufacturing sector (industry) exhibits the highest energy intensity decrease Source : 30 years of energy use in IEA countries

5. 5 Global Trends in Energy use Total final energy consumption by fuel Source : 30 years of energy use in IEA countries

6. 6 Energy Efficiency and electricity As global energy intensity decreases, electricity grows with GDP OCDE 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 1971 197519791983 1987 1991199519992003200720112015201920232027 OCDE 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 400 450 1971 19791983 1987 1991199519992003200720112015201920232027 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 400 450 1971 19791983 1987 1991199519992003200720112015201920232027 OCDE GDP US$95 Electricity Mobility Thermal stationary

7. 7 Energy accounting system primary and final energy ELECTRICITY PRODUCT OR SERVICE FOSSIL ENERGY (coal, oil, gas) NON FOSSIL ENERGY (nuclear,hydro, Ren. En.) Ren. Heat  Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is the accurate method for energy accounting  Two main LCA impact indicators for energy efficiency : - primary energy consumption - CO2

8. 8  Usual conventional coefficient for primary energy to electricity conversion : ~2.5  This coefficient is an average of the different power generation systems  IEA convention for final to primary energy conversion : - 33% for nuclear - electricity / fossil fuel : energy content for coal and gas power generation systems - 100 % for renewable energy  Accurate final to primary energy coefficient are different in each country and for each electricity supplier Energy accounting system primary and final energy

9. 9 Energy accounting system CO2 emissions for power generation with Life Cycle Assessment Power Generation system CO2 content (g CO2 / kWh) Nuclear5 Hydro6 Coal1000 Wind15 - 20 Gas Turbine (Combined Cycle) 450

10. 10 Energy Efficiency through Electro-technologies in various industrial sectors

11. 11 Final Energy Efficiency through Electro-technologies ReplacementT echnology Consumption – fossil fuel plant (GWh) Consumption – replacement plant (GWh) Compared utilisation efficiency Membranes3853510-12 MVC + Heat Pumps 3.2204606-8 Induction6.7502.7002-3 µW + HF + UV5852602-2,5 IR7254151,5-2 Motors2.4651.7001,3-1,6 Resistance11.6409.7001,1-1,3 TOTAL 25.77015.2701,1-12

12. 12 Energy Efficiency through Electro-technologies Steelmaking industry

13. 13 Energy Efficiency through electro-technologies Various energy system solutions for the same end use Energy source Same end-use demand (MWh) Cumulated Energy Demand (CED) Electricity from grid + Heat from fossil fuel Electricity (light, motors) Heat (process) 100 1 MWh th = 0,086 tep 1 MWh e = 0,086 / 40% (electricity generation) / 90% (grid loss) CED = 23,9 + 8,6 = 32,5 tep CHP from gas (non seasonal) Electricity (light, motors) Heat (process) 100 1 kWh e = 0,086 / 66% (average generation efficiency by CHP) CED = 13 + 13 = 26 tep Electricity from grid > 90% Fossil mix Electricity (light, motors) Efficient electric process 100 <50 1 MWh e = 0,086 / 40% (electricity generation) / 90%(grid loss) CED = 23,9 + 11,9 = <35,8 tep Electricity from grid Renewable / NFF Electricity (light, motors) Efficient electric process 100 <50 1 MWh e = 0,086 // 90% (grid loss) CED = 9,5 + 4,8 = <14,3 tep Electricity from grid current mix Electricity (light, motors) Efficient electric technique 100 25 1 MWh e = 0,086 / 52% (electricity generation) / 90% (grid loss) CED = 18,4 + 4,6 = 23 tep 1 MWh th = 0.086 tep

14. 14 Conclusion During the 30 last years, the use of electricity has grown while energy intensity was decreasing in IEA countries The energy efficiency can be evaluated by an LCA approach with two main impact indicators : primary energy and CO2 emissions Final to primary energy coefficient and CO2 emissions depend strongly on power generation systems, then on the geographic location and on the electricity suppliers Electro-technologies in industry can contribute significantly to improve energy efficiency Electricity is a secondary but flexible energy. Industrial processes need this flexibility which helps to increase productivity and product quality.