1. ENFA European Non-Food Agriculture – WP 32 Energy and Greenhouse Gas Balances Hannes Schwaiger, Gerfried Jungmeier Kick-Off Meeting 10 th May 2005 Geomatikum, Hamburg, Germany

2. Overview Modelling WP Objectives Examples Next steps Methodology: LCA energy, GHG emissions

3. WP 32 Objectives  To identify 3 bio-chains for which LCA models are created e.g. pellets, biodiesel, wood chips form SR systems  Produce a computer model for the selected chains  Conversion of the model into a web-based file (asp files)  Post the model on the internet as an user friendly interface

4. combustion heat, electricity construction operation dismantling fuel preparation forestry transport harvesting What is LCA?

5. Typical LCA-Emissions of Biomass Plant over Entire Lifetime CO 2, CO 2 -eq. [t] CH 4, N 2 O [t] 0 2.000 4.000 6.000 8.000 10.000 12.000 14.000 0246810121416182022 Year 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 CO 2 CH 4 N2ON2O CO 2 -eq. construction (0 - 1) operation (1 – 21) dismantling (21-22)

6. LCA- Methodology Heat and/or electricty According to  ISO 14 040 „Life Cycle Assessment“  Standard Methodology of IEA Bioenergy Task 38 „Greenhouse Gas Balances of Biomass and Bioenergy systems“  Recommendations of COST Action E9 „Life Cycle Assess- ment of Forestry and Forest Products“

7. LCA- Methodology According to  ISO 14 040 „Life Cycle Assessment“  Standard Methodology of IEA Bioenergy Task 38 „Greenhouse Gas Balances of Biomass and Bioenergy systems“  Recommendations of COST Action E9 „Life Cycle Assess- ment of Forestry and Forest Products“ Transportation

8. Possible Reference Options are important in LCA - no thinning - heterotrophic respiration - composting - landfill - material use - afforestation / reforestation - fallow - pasture - extensive agricultural use - intensive agricultural use What happens with the biomass, if no bioenergy is produced? What happens on arable land, if no energy crops are produced?

9. Emissions to Air for Environmental Effects  Greenhouse effect: GHGs in CO 2 -equivalents (CO 2, CH 4, N 2 O, CF 4 ) Equivalent factors: CO 2 1 CH 4 23 N 2 O 296  Primary energy demand: Energy input to generate 1KWh electricity, heat or km

10. Possible Bioenergy Systems in ENFA Bioenergy systems electricity per 1 kWh electricity cogeneration electricity&heat per 1 kWh electricity & heat heat per 1 kWh heat transportation per 1 km

11. Details of Considered Possible Bioenergy Systems Biomass- Processing Biomass- Combustion Biomass- Fuels Biomass- Resource Forestry forest residues fuelwood Agriculture short rotation forestry RCG, miscanthus Industry industrial residues chipping, drying, storage, transportation gasification Solid biofuels, liquid biofuels heating plant Heat Electricity (& Heat) CHP/power plant vehicles Transportation

12. Modelling of Bioenergy Systems Combustion Production and harvestingTransport Distribution g CO 2 -eq./(ha*a)g CO 2 -eq./kmg CO 2 -eq./kWh output

13. Modelling of Substituted Fossil Energy Systems Extraction TransportProcessing Transport CombustionDistribution g CO 2 -eq./kWh output

14. Data Requirements - Example Kind of crop Annual yield [t/ha*a] Water content of crop [%] Kind and amount of plant protective agent [kg/(ha*a)] Kind and amount of fertilizer [kg/(ha*a)] Irrgiation [kWh el /(ha*a)] Kind and usage of machine [l fuel /(ha*a)] Kind and amount of by-products [kg/(ha*a)] Combination of default data and case specific data

15. Extraction Transport Power plant Natural gas power plant Distribution Wood chips power plant Example 1: LCA Electricity supply Heterotrophic respiration Reference use of forest residues Production Harvesting Power plant Drying and storage Transport 1 kWh electricity Distribution

16. LCA Results: Electricity Supply

17. Example 2: Biodiesel and Fossil Diesel Raw oil extraction Transport Refinery Distribution Vehicle Reference System Diesel Set aside Area Soya-Production Fertilizer prod. Fertilizer Animal feed Glycerin-Production Heat from oil Raw material Energy Rape seed production Transport Esterification Pressing Distribution Vehicle Transportation Service Biodiesel Rape cake Glycerin

18. LCA Results: Diesel and Biodiesel

19. Example 3: Co-Generation LCA Electricity and Heat Biogas combustion engine Collection Combustion engine Digestion Transport Distribution Extraction Transport Combustion engine Light oil combustion engine Refinery Transport Storage Reference use of manure Undigested manure Fertilizer Digested manure 0.33 kWh electricity + 0.67kWh heat

20. LCA Results: Electricity and Heat Supply

21. Next steps Decission on the most important biomass chains [ENFA Team] Identification of bioenergy /fossil fuel process steps [ENFA Team] Identification of interfaces [JR/ENFA Team] Data modelling, Integration into ENFA model [JR/ENFA Team]