The Language of Anatomy and Physiology

Classifications Anatomy-study of structure relationships to each other Gross-what you see Microscopic-histology Physiology-how all parts function together How things go wrong physiologically

Principle of Complementarity Function always reflects structure What a structure can do depends on its specific form Examples: –Bones support & protect because hard –Blood flows one way through heart because of valves

Anatomy at Different Scales (Metric Scale) Fig 1.1

Microscopic Anatomy Cytology – study of the cell Histology – study of tissues

Levels of Structural Organization Atoms - tiny bits of pure matter Molecules - atoms combine together Organelles - specific combinations of molecules Cell - basic unit of life Tissues - similar cells; common function Organ - discrete structure; 2 tissues minimum Organ system – group of organs; common function Organism - sum all structures

Necessary Life Functions Maintain Boundaries Movement Responsiveness Digestion Metabolism Excretion Reproduction Growth Figure 1.2

Survival Needs Food-Nutrients Water Oxygen Normal Body Temperature Atmospheric Pressure

Homeostasis Homeostasis: ability to maintain relatively stable internal environment in ever- changing outside world The internal environment of the body is in a dynamic state of equilibrium—Internal conditions vary within narrow limits Chemical, thermal, and neural factors interact to maintain homeostasis

Homeostatic Control Components Variable or stimulus Receptor Afferent Pathway Control Center Efferent Pathway Effector

Negative Feedback System The output from the effector causes the original stimulus to turn off E.g. Body temperature control

Positive Feedback System The output from the effector causes an increase in the original stimulus; change that is occurs is in the SAME direction as the original stimulus E.g. Blood clotting

Positions Anatomical Position - standing upright, facing forward, with arms extended and palms outward Axial skeleton - skull, vertebral column, and rib cage (thorax) Appendicular skeleton - the arms, legs, shoulder and hip

Left and right Refer to person or body being viewed

Regional areas Quiz Picture

Regional areas Quiz Picture

Directional Terms See page 13 in text third edition

Directional Terms See page 13 in text third edition

Body Planes & Sections Sagittal Plane - divides right from left Midsagittal - through center Frontal Plane - divides anterior from posterior Transverse Plane - divides into superior and inferior parts

Body Cavities Dorsal - includes the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity Ventral – contain organs

Ventral Body Cavities Thoracic Cavity Pleural Cavity-lungs and mediastinum which contains the pericaridial cavity containing the heart

Ventral Body Cavities (con’t) Abdominopelvic Cavity Abdominal Cavity-contains digestive tract organs Pelvic Cavity-contains reproductive tract organs, bladder, and rectum

Body Cavity Membranes Serous Membrane - thin double layered membrane Parietal Serosa - lines cavity wall Visceral Serosa - covers the organs in the cavity Serous Fluid - fills space between

Serous membrane covering liver

Thoracic cavity contains three serous membrane lined cavities Pericardial cavity has parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium Each lung surround by pleura

Abdominal-pelvic cavity Peritoneum

Homeostatic Imbalance Usually from infection; produce less fluid Pericarditis: inflammation of pericardium; very dangerous Pleurisy: inflammation of one or both pleura; very painful Peritonitis: inflammation of peritoneum

Body Regions

Body Quadrants

Special Cavities

Diabetes – Type I, II, III Symptoms Blurred vision, frequent urination(polyuria), tiredness, weight loss Severe Symptoms Ketoacidosis confusion, convulsions, coma,

MRI –Magnetic Image Resonese

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3D CAT Scan Normal_lungs,_3D_CT_scans-SPL.jpg

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Ultrasound