1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology

2. Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
Structure of body parts and their relationships
Gross
Microscopic
Physiology
Function & interaction of tissues & organs
histological, cellular & molecular level
Chemistry & Physics
ions/molecules, concentrations, stoichiometry, kinetics, thermodynamics
electrical currents, blood pressure, and bone movement

3. Structure – Function Relationship
Function always reflects structure
What a structure can do depends on its specific form

4. Levels of Structural Organization
Atomic –
Molecular –
Cellular –
Histological –
Organ –
Organ system –
Organismal –

5. Levels of Structural Organization
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules 2
Atoms 1
Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules
Smooth muscle tissue
Heart 3
Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells
Cardiovascular system
Blood vessels
Epithelial tissue
Smooth muscle tissue
Blood vessel (organ) 6
Organismal level The human organism is made up of many organ systems
Connective tissue 4
Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues 5
Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely
Figure 1.1

6. Integumentary Muscle Skeletal Nervous Cardiovascular Lymphatic Immune
Organ Systems
Integumentary
Muscle
Skeletal
Nervous
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Immune
Endocrine
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive

7. Necessary Life Functions I
Maintaining boundaries –
Cellular level –
Organismal level –
Movement –
Responsiveness –
Digestion –
Metabolism –
Excretion –
Reproduction –
Cellular –
Organismal –
Growth –

8. Homeostatic maintenance
Survival Needs
Nutrients –
Oxygen –
Water –
Homeostatic maintenance

9. Maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment
Homeostasis
Maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment
State of dynamic equilibrium
Chemical, hormonal, & neural factors interact to maintain homeostasis
Homeostatic imbalances

10. Homeostatically Controlled Physiological Variables
Osmotic state
Blood pH
Internal temperature
Metabolite levels
Blood pressure

11. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms3
Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to
Control center 4
Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to
Effector
Receptor (sensor) 2
Change detected by receptor 5
Response of effector feeds back to influence magnitude of stimulus and returns variable to homeostasis
Stimulus: Produces change in variable 1
Imbalance
Variable (in homeostasis)
Imbalance
Figure 1.4

12. Homeostatic Control
Figure 1.5

13. Negative Feedback Positive Feedback Feedback Regulation
output shuts off original response to stimulus
Example: blood glucose regulation
Positive Feedback
output enhances original response to stimulus
Example: blood clotting

14. Negative Feedback pancreas secretes insulin
rising glucose detected by pancreas
insulin stimulates cells to take up glucose from blood
blood glucose rises
dropping glucose detected by pancreas
glucagon stimulates liver to break down glycogen to glucose
pancreas secretes glucagon
Figure 1.5

15. Output enhances original stimulus
Positive Feedback
Output enhances original stimulus
Example: Regulation of blood clotting
Figure 1.6

16. The Human Body: An Orientation Part B1

17. Anatomical Position
body erect
palms forward
thumbs out
Figure 1.7a

18. anterior
posterior
ventral
dorsal

20. sagittal plane
Body Planes
Figure 1.8

21. Regional Terms: Anterior View
Axial - head, neck, and trunk
Appendicular- limbs
Specific regional terminology
Figure 1.7a

22. Body Cavities
Figure 1.9a

23. Body Cavities
Figure 1.9b

24. Ventral Body Cavity Membranes
Parietal serosa lines internal body walls
Visceral serosa covers the internal organs
Serous fluid separates the serosae

25. Oral and digestive – Nasal – Orbital – Middle ear – Synovial –
Other Body Cavities
Oral and digestive –
Nasal –
Orbital –
Middle ear –
Synovial –