The Founding of Rome The Beginning of Rome The Settling of Italy Comfortable climate Easy to trade Settlements linked Fertile farmland Rome’s Location 15 miles up the Tiber River 7 Steep hills; easy to defend

The Beginning of Rome (cont.) The Aeneid by Virgil Trojan Aeneas & soldiers escape Troy Aeneas marries king’s daughter; unites people Aeneas known as “Father” of the Romans Twin Brothers Romulus, Remus Raised by wolf Planned to build city; argued Remus killed by Romulus; city named Rome

The Beginning of Rome (cont.) Rome Origins (cont.) Latins settled in Latium Civilization grew; beginning of Rome Influence of Greeks and Etruscans Greeks settled in farming villages in South Olives, grapes; alphabet Buildings, sculpture, literature Etruscans Took control of Rome Ruled by nobles Artisans: metals, jewelry, weapons Paintings; frescoes Taught Romans to build with brick, tiles Religious rituals, clothing, army!

Becoming a Republic 509 B.C. Romans overthrew the Etruscan king Established a republic 200 years of fighting 267 B.C. Rome controlled most of Italy All (male) land owners had to serve in army Well trained, disciplined; deserters faced death penalty New battle strategies Legions (6,000 men); smaller groups Gladius: short double-edged sword Pilum: iron spear

Becoming a Republic (cont.) Who ruled Rome? Effective rulers Military outposts; strategic locations Built roads between settlements Treated conquered people fairly Roman Confederation Gave conquered peoples full Roman citizenship Treated the same under the law Others became allies; paid taxes, supplied soldiers Managed their own affairs

Rome as a Republic Patricians Ruling class Wealthy landowners Paid taxes; served in army Oldest and most prominent families Plebeians Not as wealthy; poor Paid taxes; served in army Artisans, merchants, small farm owners Lower social position than patricians Illegal to marry Patrician Could not hold public office

Rome as a Republic (cont.) Gov’t of the Republic Three branches 1 st : Made laws 2 nd : ran the daily affairs of gov’t 3 rd : acted as judges Checks and balances Head of gov’t: two Patrician consuls Served one year Could veto (“I forbid”) other’s decisions Praetors: interpreted the law; served as judges

Rome as a Republic (cont.) Senate: Rome’s Legislature 300 patrician men Served for life First only advised consuls; eventually debated foreign policy, proposed laws, approved public works Assembly of Centuries Elected consuls and praetors, passed laws Controlled by patricians

Conflict Between Classes Plebeians No power in gov’t 494 B.C. plebs went on strike Refused to fight in army Left Rome to form own gov’t Patricians agreed to share power Created Council of the Plebs Elected officials, tribunes Tribunes voice concerns to gov’t Could veto gov’t decisions Plebs eventually allowed to become consuls, marry patricians Council given right to pass laws Makes all men equal under law Women had no political rights

Cincinnatus and Civic Duty Dictator Consuls resign; Senate appoints dictator After crisis, dictator expected to give up power Cincinnatus Known for loyalty Defended Rome from powerful enemy Returned to farm life Civic Duty: responsibility of citizens to help country

Rome’s System of Law Greatest contribution to History….EVER Laws weren’t written down Plebs believed judges always ruled in favor of Patricians Demanded laws by written; Patricians agreed Twelve Tables Carved on twelve bronze tablets Placed in market place, Forum All free citizens had right to be treated equal under the law

Roman Justice Evident throughout US legal system today Innocent until proven guilty Right to defend before judge Judges must consider all evidence before judgement Rule of the Law Law applies equally to all

Punic Wars Carthage Powerful trading empire from North Africa Largest and wealthiest city in western Mediterranean Conflict with Rome would lead to a series of three years, spanning 120 years

Punic Wars 264 B.C. First War begins Rome wanted control of Sicily Fertile farmland Carthage already had colonies Carthage had strong navy; Rome had army Rome builds new navy; improvement Built bridge on front of each ship 20 years of fighting at sea Rome defeats Carthage in 241 B.C. Carthage paid huge fine to Rome; Rome takes control

2 nd Punic War – Hannibal Attacks Carthage tries to move into Spain Rome encourages Spain to revolt Hannibal sent to attack Rome 218 B.C. Crossed the Alps, hoping to overpower Rome Winter, mountain tribes killed almost half of soldiers; most of elephants Still proceeded to Rome Hannibal defeats Romans at Battle of Cannae

2 nd Punic War – Hannibal Attacks Roman forces capture Spain, attack Carthage Led by Scipio Hannibal returns home to defend his people Battle of Zama, Rome defeats Carthage 202 B.C. Carthage forced to give up navy, pay fine Also loses Spain to Rome

3 rd Punic War Carthage still considered a threat 146 B.C. Rome destroys Carthage Entire population enslaved Land destroyed Carthage never again an independent kingdom