What is it Really?

 Cancer is cell division out of control  “Cancer” refers to a whole group of diseases (including leukemia – cancer of the blood)

 Normal Cells:  Divide slowly  Eventually die and are replaced  Cancer Cells:  Divide quickly  Don’t die quickly Cancer cells build up TUMOUR

 A variety of reasons such as...  Too many growth factors that encourage that cell to divide even though it does not need to divide  A mutation in the gene that makes a protein that regulates the cell cycle  A mutation in a tumor suppressor gene; these genes regulate the synthesis of proteins responsible for destroying cancerous cells

CriteriaNormal CellsCancerous Cells Cell Death Contact Inhibition Function Eventually die Don’t die Stop dividing once they come in contact with other cells Continue to divide even when they are touching many other cells Are specialized to perform their function Turn into an immature form of the cell so that it can’t perform its function

 A tumour is any build-up of cells that continue to divide without giving any benefit to the body  Benign Tumours: don’t harm the other cells  Malignant Tumours: interfere with or destroy other cells

 With cancer, the bad cells crowd out the good cells and sometimes destroy them

Tumour starts on the surface of the organ The cancer cells go deeper into the body’s tissue Cancer cells starts to invade other areas of the body (often lungs, bones, liver, brain) This cell has a mutation that makes it divide rapidly The tumour steals nutrients in the blood from healthy cells Cancer cells are carried by the blood to other areas of the body ANGIOGENESIS METASTASIS

Cancer typeMain sites of metastasis* BladderBone, liver, lung BreastBone, brain, liver, lung ColorectalLiver, lung Kidney Adrenal gland, bone, brain, liver, lung Lung Adrenal gland, bone, brain, liver, other lung Melanoma Bone, brain, liver, lung, skin/muscle

Cancer typeMain sites of metastasis* OvaryLiver, lung PancreasLiver, lung ProstateAdrenal gland, bone, liver, lung StomachLiver, lung ThyroidBone, liver, lung UterusBone, liver, lung,

Cancer Type Estimated New Cases (2010) Estimated Deaths (2010) Lung (Including Bronchus) 222,520157,300 Prostate217,73032,050 Breast Female: Male: 1,970 Female: 39,840 Male: 390 Colon and Rectal142,57051,370 Bladder70,53014,680 Melanoma68,1308,700

Cancer Type Estimated New Cases Estimated Deaths Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma 65,54020,210 Kidney (Renal Cell) Cancer 49,50411,084 Thyroid44,6701,690 Endometrial43,4707,950 Pancreatic43,14036,800 Leukemia43,05021,840

 Tobacco  _________cancer deaths per year  Alcohol  __________cancer deaths per year  Air Pollution  __________ cancer deaths per year 1 million

Studies show that consuming large quantities of red meat, preserved meats, and salt... increases the risk of stomach and colorectal cancers World Health Organization (Oct 2015): each 50 gram (average sandwich- sized) portion of processed meat eaten daily increases the risk of colorectal cancer by 18%.

1)Your Genes  Only for SOME cancers: ex. breast, ovarian and colorectal tumour mammogram

2) Your Environment  CARCINOGENS are factors that cause cancer ex. asbestos, certain chemicals (solvents), UV radiation

3) Your Choices  Sometimes we expose ourselves to carcinogens ex. cigarette smoke, tanning beds,

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 90% of lung cancer is associated with tobacco use  1 pack per day = 25x more likely to get lunch cancer cancerous

Cigarette, cigar, and pipe smoking have been linked to more than a dozen types of cancer, including lung, mouth, bladder, colon, and kidney cancers.

Heavy drinkers have an increased risk of cancers of the mouth, throat, liver, voice box, and esophagus

Together, obesity and physical inactivity are linked to about 30 percent of the cases of colon, endometrial, kidney, and esophageal cancers, as well as 30 percent of breast cancers in older women.

Human Papillomavirus Certain strains of human papillomavirus (HPV), which are sexually transmitted, are the primary causes of cervical and anal cancer. Women who begin having sexual intercourse before age 17, or who have multiple sexual partners, are at greatest risk of HPV infection. HPV may also be responsible for some cancers of the head and neck. Hepatitis B and C The hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses are major causes of liver cancer worldwide

 Antioxidants: chemicals that protect your body’s cells from damage Ex: vitamins A, C or E Plant chemicals or minerals

 Found in vegetables, fruit, whole grain bread, pasta and cereal, beans, lentils, nuts, seeds, vegetable oils, garlic, and green tea

Make good choices