PHRASES: INFINITIVES AND PREPOSITIONAL Lesson #1

What is a phrase? A group of words that acts as one part of speech. It does not contain both a subject and a predicate

INFINITIVE PHRASES

What two parts make up an infinitive phrase? An infinitive begins with “to” followed by the simple form of the verb like this: “to” + verb = infinitive examples: to sneeze to smash to cry to shriek to jump to read to eat to be Application: Write 2 sentences using an infinitive phrase.

More Practice - Answers Key: Infinitive Phrase / Verb Phrase 1. I was happy to give you a ride home. 2. To move to a larger house would be unwise for us now. 3. Philip was frightened to be alone in the old house. 4. Evan is trying to practice the piano an hour a day. 5. To be a doctor is Amber's ambition. 6. They plan to go to Maine this summer. 7. Sera tried to paint the ceiling of her room. 8. The lecturer was asked to speak. 9. To play tennis every day is Marc’s goal for the summer. 10. SMARTY PANTS: Would you like to warn me if anyone comes?

PREPOSITIONS AND PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES

What is a Preposition? A part of speech. Words that RELATE a noun or pronoun to some other word in a sentence COMMONLY USED PREPOSITIONS: about above across among around at between by during for from into like near ofoffon out through to uponwith

Prepositions change the RELATIONSHIP between two words in a sentence…. Example: swam (verb) and raft (object) I swam to the raft. I swam under the raft. I swam around the raft. I swam near the raft. I swam from the raft. I swam past the raft.

A PREPOSITION NEVER ACTS ALONE…IT’S ALWAYS PART OF A PHRASE.

What is a prepositional phrase? A group of words beginning with a preposition and ending with a noun or pronoun. It acts as an adverb or an adjective.

A prepositional phrase acts as an ADJECTIVE or an ADVERB: Example: During the afternoon, the toddler naps. Explanation: This phrase is acting as an ADVERB because it describes when the toddler naps. Example: The girl with golden hair hates cold porridge. Explanation: This phrase is acting as an ADJECTIVE because it describes what kind of the girl. NOTE: you do not need to identify what part of speech a prepositional phrase is acting as.

There are three parts to a prepositional phrase: Preposition + any modifiers +its object = prepositional phrase (adjectives) (noun or pronoun) Examples: All the kids are playing baseball at the field. P M O I am looking for it. P O (Modifiers are not required.)

“a” “an ” “the” = articles articles = adjectives adjectives = modifiers “a” “an” “the” = modifiers This grammar lesson was brought to you by the transitive property! The most common modifiers are…

P + M + O = PP Preposition +any modifiers +its object = prepositional phrase (adjectives) (noun or pronoun) Find the prepositional phrase and label its parts: 1. Sherlock whispered his idea to Watson. 2. She wrapped her arm around it. 3. He is eager to ask her to the dance. 4. Did you see Marcie at the last game? 5. They played a new song by his band.

P + M + O = PP Preposition +any modifiers +its object = prepositional phrase Find the prepositional phrase and label its parts: 1. Sherlock whispered his idea to Watson. 2. She wrapped her arm around it. 3. He is eager to ask her to the dance. 4. Did you see Marcie at the last game? 5. They played a new song by his band. NOTE: modifiers are occasionally possessive pronouns

CAUTION! Do not confuse an infinitive phrase with a prepositional phrase beginning with “to”. EX: He is eager to ask her to the dance. Infinitive Phrase or Prepositional Phrase? 1. To burp now would be rude. 2. Courtney wanted to hug him. 3. Alex raced to the school bus..

ANSWERS to Practice - Part 1 Is the group of words a PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE? 1. in the kitchen PP 2. with my bicycle PP 3. Tanya and him 4. across the highway PP 5. is reading my book report 6. under a harvest moon PP 7. beyond the solar system PP 8. into the trees PP

ANSWERS to Practice – Part 2 Underline the PREP PHRASE and CIRCLE THE OBJECT. 1. Last summer we traveled through the Grand Coulee Region. 2. We went to the Grand Coulee Dam. 3. The Grand Coulee Dam is located in Washington. 4. The Grand Coulee may be the old riverbed of the Columbia. Look at the circled words. What part of speech is every object of the preposition in these four sentences? PROPER NOUN

ANSWERS to Practice - Part 3 Determine if the underlined group of words is an infinitive phrase (IP) or a prepositional phrase (PP). 1. To get a Bachelor’s degree is her goal. IP 2. We have time to walk to the game. IP 3. We have time to walk to school. PP 4. He is eager to give James the award. IP 5. We went to Italy to see our grandparents. PP 6. We went to Italy to see our grandparents. IP

IN GRAMMAR-SPEAK, “COMPOUND” MEANS…? Compound Subject Compound Predicate Compound Sentence

Compound preposition Compound = two or more Compound preposition = two or more prepositions Commonly used compound prepositions: -according to -instead of -along with -in addition to-next to -apart from -in front of -on account of -out of -as of -in place of -because of -in spite of

ANSWERS to practice Cape Cod in Massachusetts gets its name from the local fish (cod) and its geography (a cape is a point of land). By the early summer, Cape Cod is full of visitors. Englishmen first sailed around Cape Cod in The island was discovered then and claimed by New York. After some years Cape Cod was given to Massachusetts. Circle every article used in the passage. How many were used? 5 How many prepositional phrases are in the paragraph? 10 In the last sentence, what pronoun could replace the current object of the preposition? it How many compound prepositions are used? 0

PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES + CASE Periods 1 and 5 only

You must know CASE to understand OBJECTS of the preposition. Nouns and Pronouns have three cases. 1. Subjective 2. Objective 3. Possessive Prepositional Phrases = preposition + modifiers + object (noun or pronoun) When you use a pronoun as the OBJECT of a preposition, you need to use the OBJECTIVE case.

Remember this? Personal Pronoun Chart NUMBER CASE subject object possessive Singular First person I me my mine Second person you your yours Third person he, she, it him, her, it his, her, hers, its Plural First person we us our ours Second person you your yours Third person they Them their theirs

Always use an objective pronoun as the object of a preposition… The book belongs to she.  The book belongs to her. All the gifts are for they.  All the gifts are for them. Throw the rug over it.  Throw the rug over it.

It gets trickier when there are two objects of the preposition… Will you be talking to Mitchell and I? Will you be talking to Mitchell and me? The cupcakes are for she and him. The cupcakes are for her and him.

EXTRA PRACTICE MATERIAL

Application: 1. Where is Snoopy in relation to his dog house? Write THREE sentences about the picture using prepositional phrases. 2. Make one sentence include a compound preposition.

Application: 1. On the roof, Snoopy daydreams. Snoopy lounges above his doghouse. Snoppy’s house is on the ground. 2. Snoopy naps out of his home.

TICKET OUT:

How many prepositions can you list? about after against among around as at before between by during for from in into like of on out over through to under with without

SAVE FOR LESSON #3 NOTE to teachers: The last 2 slides might be better taught with introductory prep. phrases + comma rule.

Prepositional Phrase Movement Some prepositional phrases can be moved in a sentence without changing the meaning. Directions: Identify the prepositional phrase(s) that could be moved to a new location in the sentence without changing its meaning. 1. Deer appeared in the forest. 2. In the cage we saw a huge jaguar from the jungles of Brazil. 3. You can ride with us.

This prepositional phrase can be moved… 1. Deer appeared in the forest. In the forest deer appeared. There are three prepositional phrases; not all can be moved… 2. In the cage we saw a huge jaguar from the jungles of Brazil. We saw a huge jaguar from the jungles of Brazil in the cage. In the cage from the jungles of Brazil we saw a huge jaguar. In the cage of Brazil we saw a huge jaguar from the jungles. Not all prepositional phrases can be moved… 3. You can ride with us. With us you can ride.