Parts of Speech

8 Parts of Speech Noun-names Pronoun-replaces names Verb-states action or being Adjective-describes nouns or pronouns Adverb-describes or limits verbs, adjectives or other adverbs Preposition-relates Conjunction-connects Interjection-expresses strong feeling!

Nouns--- people, place, thing, idea Common-non specific names –man, church, country Proper-specific names –Jim, The Arch, Chicago –always capitalized Compound-includes more than 1 word –Separate words---living room –Hyphenated words---break-in; twenty-one –Combined words---birdhouse, flashlight Collective-represents a group –class, family, team, choir, jury Types

Types of Pronouns Personal---I, me, my, you, our, we, they… Reflexive---end in –self (myself, herself, themselves) NOT hisself or themself Indefinite---refer to unnamed people, places, ideas (see pg. 33 for the list) Demonstrative---this, that, these, those but only when used by themselves. NOT…This book is lost. This is cold. (adjective) (pronoun) Interrogative---ask questions. Who, what, which, whom, whose Relative---who, whom, whose, that, which

Pronouns Pronouns take the place of nouns Must agree in gender and number with the noun to which it refers

Antecedent This is noun that the pronoun is taking the place of. Justin said he couldn’t go to the game. (antecedent) (pronoun) Alan caught the ball and threw it to first base. (antecedent) (pronoun)

Pronouns as Antecedents Some pronouns are always singular no matter what object of the preposition is. (see pg 225) Always singular pronouns should have a singular antecedent and verb. Singular pronouns as the subject of the sentence –One of the girls left (her/their) purse on the table. –What is the subject of the sentence? What is correct pronoun choice?

Always Plural Pronouns Both, few, many and several are always plural. Few of my neighbors have their own garage.

Singular or Plural Pronouns These are TRICKY All, any, most, none, or some In order to determine what word the pronoun must agree with, you have to look at the object of the preposition. –Most of the performers played their own music. –None of the class has its homework. –None of the students have their homework.

Who and WhomWho and Whom (8min) Who is nominative pronoun –Subject or Predicate Nominative Whom is objective pronoun –Object of preposition, DO, IO TEST: If you can replace the whom with the word him and the sentence makes sense, then the correct pronoun use is whom. I gave the book to whom? To whom did I give the book? HIM

Special Problems with Pronouns Who and whom –Who = nominative –Whom = objective Elliptical clauses –…omission. Finish the clause to see how the pronoun is being used.

Verbs & Verb Phrases Verbs can be action, linking, or helping Action verbs tell the action the subject is doing. –Example: The man walked to the store. Linking verbs are used when the subject is being described. They are state of being verbs –Example: The dinner was cold. Was is the linking verb to connect dinner and cold.

Helping verbs are used to create a verb phrase. –Example: The snowflakes were falling on the ground. Were is the helping verb that is used with falling to create the verb phrase were falling

Adjectives Describe nouns and pronouns Answers the questions which ones, how many, what kind If two are used in succession, they are separated by a comma –The large, furry rabbit ate the green, leafy lettuce Sometimes, adjectives can really be nouns or pronouns –Her article appeared in the school newspaper. –Her article for school appeared in the newspaper. –This is very interesting. –This book is very interesting.

Adverbs Describe or limit verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs Often (but not always) end in –ly Answers the questions when, where, how, to what extent