© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Human Biology Concepts and Current Issues Seventh Edition Michael D. Johnson Lecture Presentations by Robert J. Sullivan Marist College 7 Blood

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. OBJECTIVES Describe the function of bloodDescribe the function of blood List and describe the components of blood and plasmaList and describe the components of blood and plasma Describe the source and function of specific blood cellsDescribe the source and function of specific blood cells Interpret the results of a blood testsInterpret the results of a blood tests Describe the purpose, factors, and stages of hemostasisDescribe the purpose, factors, and stages of hemostasis Identify human blood types and their interaction Identify human blood types and their interaction Illustrate examples of homeostasis Illustrate examples of homeostasis Describe various blood disordersDescribe various blood disorders

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Fig. 19-2, p. 389 Stepped Art Organism (human) Organ System (circulatory system) Cell (blood cells) Tissue(vascular) Organ (heart) From Cells to Organ Systems

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Circulatory System Overview  Consists of heart (pump),blood vessels, and blood  Picks up nutrients from digestive system  Exchanges gases with respiratory system  Delivers nutrients and O 2 to every cell  Carries CO 2 to lungs for removal  Carries wastes and excess water to urinary system  Carries metabolic wastes to liver for removal

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.1 Food and water intake Oxygen intake Elimination of carbon dioxide Nutrients, salt, water Water, salts, metabolic waste Metabolic waste Transport to and from all cells The Human Body Elimination of food residues, metabolic wastes Elimination of excess water, salts, metabolic wastes Respiratory system Digestive system Circulatory system Urinary system O2O2 CO 2

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The Components and Functions of Blood  Blood is a specialized connective tissue.  Three primary functions: 1.Transportation of nutrients, waste, hormones 2.Regulation of body temperature, pH 3.Defense against infections and bleeding

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Animation: Blood Right-click and select Play

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The Components and Functions of Blood  Plasma (makes up 55% of whole blood) –Water –Electrolytes –Proteins (albumins, globulins, clotting proteins) –Hormones –Gases –Nutrients and wastes  Formed elements (makes up 45% of whole blood) –RBCs –WBCs –Platelets

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Plasma: 55% in whole blood Hematocrit: the percentage RBC in whole blood; almost 45% Whole blood Plasma (55%) Platelets and WBC (1%) RBC (44%) Whole blood. Blood after being spun in centrifuge. A table-top centrifuge.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Plasma Consists of Water and Dissolved Solutes  Plasma: liquid portion of the blood  90% water  10% dissolved solutes –Proteins –Hormones –Ions –Nutrients: amino acids, glucose, fatty acids –Metabolic wastes

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Plasma Consists of Water and Dissolved Solutes  Plasma proteins –Albumins: maintain osmotic balance in blood –Globulins: diverse group of proteins –Carrier proteins- transport functions –Example bind to lipids, some hormones –Gamma globulins: antibodies which are part of the body’s defenses against infections –Clotting proteins

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.5 Erythroblast Myeloblast Stem cell Monoblast Lymphoblast Megakaryoblast Megakaryocyte Nucleus lost Erythrocyte (red blood cell) Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophil Monocyte Lymphocyte Granular leukocytes Agranular leukocytes White blood cells Stem cells are located in red bone marrow Platelets Stem cells multiply and become specialized Mature blood cells

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) Transport Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide  Make up almost half the blood volume  5 million/mm 3  Functions: transport oxygen (O 2 ) and some carbon dioxide (CO 2 )  Packed with hemoglobin, a protein which transports O 2  Hemoglobin molecule includes heme groups which each have iron atoms to which O 2 binds  Origin: stem cells in the bone marrow  Life span: 120 days in humans  Control of production: erythropoietin (hormone)

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.4 Polypeptide chain Heme group with iron atom

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Red Blood Cells (RBC’s) Have a Short Life Span  Stem cells in bone marrow will give rise to RBCs  nucleus and organelles have been discarded in mature red blood cells  RBC’s live for about 120 days  Aged RBC’s are removed by macrophages (large phagocytic cells) in the spleen  Iron and amino acids from hemoglobin are recycled  Heme (minus the iron), is converted to bilirubin, discarded through digestive tract

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. RBC Production Is Regulated by a Hormone  RBC number maintained by negative feedback  Special cells in kidney monitor secrete hormone erythropoietin (EPO) if O 2 levels are low  EPO stimulates stem cells in bone marrow—causes increase in red blood cell production  (Some athletes have abused EPO by injecting it to increase their red blood cell production)

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.6 O 2 availability Increase Set point Decrease O 2 -sensitive cells in kidneys respond to a decline in O 2 availability by increasing erythropoietin production Increased number of RBCs returns O 2 availability to normal Erythropoietin stimulates increased RBC production by stem cells in bone marrow

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) Defend the Body  Arise from division of stem cells in bone marrow  Make up 1% of whole blood  Functions –Protection from infection –Regulation of the inflammatory reaction  Two general types: –Granular: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils –Agranular: lymphocytes and monocytes

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Granular Leukocytes  Neutrophils –60% of circulating WBCs –First on the scene to fight infection by engulfing microorganisms (especially bacteria)  Eosinophils –2–4% of circulating WBCs –Defend against large parasites (worms) –Moderate the severity of allergic reactions  Basophils –0.5% of circulating WBCs –Histamine in granules—role in inflammation and allergic reactions

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Agranular Leukocytes  Monocytes –5% of circulating WBCs –Leave the blood and transform into macrophages  Lymphocytes –30% of circulating WBCs –Play a large role in the immune response –Two types –B lymphocytes –T lymphocytes

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Platelets Are Essential for Blood Clotting  Bigger cells in the bone marrow break into fragments called platelets  Platelets play an important role in hemostasis –If blood vessel is injured, platelets form a plug

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Hemostasis: Stopping Blood Loss  Three stages 1. Vascular spasm: constriction of blood vessels to reduce blood flow 2.Platelet plug formation: sealing of the ruptured blood vessel 3.Coagulation: formation of a blood clot –Blood changes from a liquid to a gel –Complex series of reactions involving clotting proteins in the plasma –Last step is soluble fibrinogen forms an insoluble mesh of fibrin

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.8 Red blood cell Platelets Fibrin strands Vessel injury. Damage to a blood vessel exposes the vessel layers and the tissues to blood. Vascular spasm. The blood vessel contracts, reducing blood flow. Platelet plug formation. Platelets adhere to each other and to the damaged vessel. Clot formation. Soluble fibrinogen forms an insoluble mesh of fibrin, trapping around the platelet plug

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Human Blood Types  Blood transfusion: administration of blood directly into bloodstream  Success depends on matching the blood type of the donor with that of the recipient –ABO blood types (A, B, AB, and O) –Rh (Rh-positive and Rh-negative)

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ABO Blood Typing Is Based On A and B Antigens  The A, B, antigens on the RBC surface determines the blood type (A, B, AB, or O)  Individuals have antibodies against the antigens NOT on their own red blood cells  If the recipient of a blood transfusion has antibodies against the donated cells, a severe, possibly fatal reaction may occur

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.12 Red blood cells Plasma antibodies Incidences: U.S. Caucasians U.S. African Americans Native Americans 40% 27% 8% 10% 20% 1% 5% 4% 0% 45% 49% 91% B A Neither A nor B A and B Neither A nor B antigens Antigens A and B Antigen B Antigen A Type A Type B Type AB Type O

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Rh Blood Typing Is Based On the Rh Factor  Rh factor: another antigen found on red blood cell surfaces  85% of Americans are Rh-positive (have the antigen)  15% are Rh-negative

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.13 Placenta separating from uterus Placenta Umbilical cordUterus Anti-Rh antibodies Anti-Rh antibodies Anti-Rh antibodies Fetal red blood cells (Rh  ) Maternal red blood cells (Rh  ) RH  RH  Blood flow after pregnancy Fetal circulation Fetal circulation Maternal circulation Maternal circulation Maternal circulation When an Rh-positive man fathers a child by an Rh-negative woman, the fetus may inherit the Rh positive antigen. During pregnancy or more commonly at childbirth, a small amount of fetal blood enters the mother’s circulation. When the woman becomes pregnant with her second Rh-positive child, antibodies attack the fetus’s red blood cells. Over the next several weeks the woman develops antibodies against the Rh antigen.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Blood Disorders Mononucleosis Iron-deficiency anemia Hemorrhagic anemia Pernicious anemia Sickle-cell anemia Leukemia Multiple myeloma Thrombocytopen ia Hemophilia

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. T/F? Blood is more viscous (thicker) than water. Where do new blood cells come from? a.From stem cells in bones. b.From cell division of mature red blood cells. c.From blood-producing tissues in the liver. Before receiving blood transfusion, your blood type must be determined. What would happen if you were given the wrong type of blood? T/F? One purpose of blood is to transport waste. T/F? Our blood is about 50% water.