Study Questions 1. What is “total war”? Pg What is propaganda? Pgs Constantinople was the capital of what empire? Pg.417

Review Europe divided/ 2 rival camps Chain reaction in Alliance system Allies/Central powers Schlieffen Plan Western Front/ Trench Warfare New Weapons Eastern front

Objectives 1. What was the Allies objective in the Gallipoli Campaign? 2. What was unrestricted submarine warfare? 3. What was the Zimmerman Note?

California State Standard 10:5:4 Understand the nature of the war and its human costs (military and civilian) on all sides of the conflict, including how colonial peoples contributed to the war effort.

13.3 A Global Conflict Main Idea – World War I spread to several continents and required the full resources of many governments Why it Matters Now – The war propelled the United States to a new position of international power, which it holds today

Setting The Stage WW I was more than a Euro. conflict. –Australia & Japan Join the Allies India supplies the British with troops –Ottoman Turks and Bulgaria Join the Central Power –All of the Great Powers looked around the world for allies.

The Gallipoli Campaign: Objective 1 Strategy for the Allies –Attack Dardanelles: * Region in Ottoman Empire Gateway to Ottoman Capital: Constantinople * Allies Objective: “Establish a supply line to Russia”

The Gallipoli Campaign Campaign Feb –Allies assault Gallipoli Peninsula –Turkish troops defend the region –Trench warfare (stalemate) –By Dec. Allies evacuate after suffering 250 thousand casualties

The Dardanelles

Minefields Fortress

Battles in Africa & Asia German colonies in Africa & Asia are assaulted –Japan, England & France overran German outposts –British & France recruit subjects in colonies Some subjects want to stay away Some believe assisting will lead to independence “…We would improve our status through the help and cooperation of the British” – Gandhi

America Joins The Fight Unrestricted submarine warfare *Jan German subs would sink ships without warning. *Any ship in waters around Britain (trying to cutoff supply line) German U-boats

America Joins the Fight U.S. Supplies Allies: Germany takes action –Lusitania is sunk May 1915 (128 Americans) –Germans threatened to sink anything hostile or neutral –Idea: Keep Cargo Ships From Reaching Great Britain –U.S. opinion turns against Germany Lusitania

America Joins the Fight Zimmerman note- telegram from Germany to Mexico –Recover the Southwest (TX, AZ, NM) U.S. declares war Selective Service (draft)- –24 million registered; 3 million called up

War Affects the Home Front WWI a.k.a “The Great War” More Europeans lost in battle than all the wars in the previous 3 centuries Civilians for the first time significantly affected “Total War” – all resources put into war Governments take control of Economies –Factories told what to produce –All able bodies put to work / no unemployment –Rationing – limit what / how much you could buy Use Propaganda (one sided info.) to keep up morale

Women & The War Total War = govt turn to women for help Women Work in: –Offices / Factories/ Shops –Build tanks –Plow fields / Pave roads / run hospitals –Supply troops – food, clothes, weapons Although most leave workplace after war, they change people’s view of women’s capabilities

Russia Revolts & Makes Truce Russian Revolution (1917) –Unrest forces Czar Nicholas to step down –New gov. pledges to fight but 5.5 million soldiers die –Soldiers refuse to fight anymore –Communist Lenin seizes power and offers Germany a truce “Treaty of Brest-Litovsk”

End of the War After Russia - German troops sent to Western front –Final attack –Germans reach Marne (40 mi from France) –2 million U.S. Soldiers waiting –U.S. tips balance (Germany can’t recover) The Central Powers Collapse –Bulgarians & Ottoman Turks surrender –Revolutions spread through Austria-Hungary –Germany Soldiers mutiny Public turns on Kaiser Kaiser Wilhelm II steps down Germany declares itself Republic Armistice – agreement to stop fighting

Legacy of World War I 1.New kind of War – New technologies Unprecedented amount of death & destruction Entire generations of Europeans killed 2.Economic Impact on Europe Drained treasuries of European countries (cost $338 billion) Destroyed acres of farmland, homes, towns 3.Society disillusionment Despair & Insecurity reflected in art & literature 4.America the big winner No battles on U.S. soil –Enter War late –Fewer casualties & Economic Hardships 5.Peace Agreement Prompted anger & resentment = World War II

Objectives 1. What was the Allies objective in the Gallipoli Campaign? 2. What was unrestricted submarine warfare? 3. What was the Zimmerman Note?

Primary Sources Homework: Also on Pg. 423 Answer Document- Based Questions 1-3 in bottom right corner Restate the Question