HEMATOLOGY DISEASES AND DISORDERS

HEMORRHAGE ▪ = loss of large amount of blood, externally or internally ▪ Eti: injury to an artery or vein ▪ S/S: forceful spurting, gushing ▪ TX: tourniquet, pressure, suturing Hem/o- = blood -rrhage = excessive flow or discharge

SEPTICEMIA ▪ Eti: severe bacterial infection of tissues that spreads to blood ▪ S/S: Chills, High fever, tachypnea, tachycardia, person looks very ill, confusion/changes in mental status, red spots on the skin (petechiae and ecchymosis), shock ▪ TX: antibiotics Septic/o- = infection -emia = condition of the blood; substance in the blood

ANEMIA ▪ = decrease in the number of RBCs or amount of hemoglobin ▪ Eti: too few RBCs produced, loss of blood, hemolysis ▪ S/S: fatigue, Shortness of breath, Dizziness, Headache, Coldness in the hands and feet, Pale skin, Chest pain ▪ TX: treat underlying cause An- = no/not/without -emia = condition of the blood

APLASTIC ANEMIA ▪ Eti: failure of bone marrow to produce RBC ▪ S/S: anemia symptoms + Nosebleeds and bleeding gums, Prolonged bleeding from cuts, Skin rash ▪ TX: blood transfusion, erythropoietin, bone marrow transplant

PERNICIOUS ANEMIA ▪ Eti: lack of B 12 vitamin, lack of HCl in stomach to absorb B 12 ▪ S/S: nerve damage ▪ TX: IM injection or B 12 nasal spray

SICKLE CELL ANEMIA ▪ Eti: inherited genetic abnormality of hemoglobin ▪ S/S: shortness of breath, fatigue, cramping, lack of oxygen ▪ TX: pain meds, avoidance of physical activity

ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME AIDS ▪ Eti: caused by HIV. Blood born pathogen ▪ S/S: fever, night sweats, weight loss, enlarged lymph nodes ▪ TX: no cure

LEUKEMIA = cancer of the leukocyte ▪ Eti: exposure to radiation, toxic chemicals, drugs ▪ S/S: anemia, bruising, hemorrhage, susceptibility to infection ▪ TX: chemo, radiation, bone marrow transplant, stem cell transplant

MONONUCLEOSIS ▪ Eti: Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) ▪ S/S: lymphadenopathy, fever, fatigue, splenomegaly ▪ TX: rest, no physical activity

DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS (DVT) ▪ Eti: a thrombus in deep vein of lower leg. Caused by lack of exercise, surgery, medications ▪ S/S: swelling, pain, redness ▪ TX: anticoagulant drugs prevent another thrombus, thrombolytic drugs to dissolve the embolus

HEMOPHILIA ▪ Eti: inherited genetic abnormality causes lack of clotting factor. Carried by female on the X chromosome. ▪ S/S: continuous bleeding – externally and internally ▪ TX: IV injection of missing clotting factor Hem/o- = blood Phil/o- = attraction to; fondness -ia = condition; state

EBOLA VIRUS DISEASE (EVD) EBOLA HAEMORRHAGIC FEVER ▪ Eti: transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human population through human-to-human transmission. ▪ S/S: The incubation period, from infection to onset of symptoms is 2 to 21 days ▪ sudden onset of fever fatigue, muscle pain, headache and sore throat. This is followed by vomiting, diarrhea, rash, symptoms of impaired kidney and liver function, and in some cases, both internal and external bleeding (e.g. oozing from the gums, blood in the stools). ▪ TX: Supportive care-rehydration with oral or intravenous fluids- and treatment of specific symptoms, improves survival. There is as yet no proven treatment available for EVD. Quick Facts: ▪ First appeared in 1976 in 2 simultaneous outbreaks ▪ People remain infectious as long as their blood and body fluids, including semen and breast milk, contain the virus. Men who have recovered from the disease can still transmit the virus through their semen for up to 7 weeks after recovery from illness. ▪ Ebola is not spread through the air or by water, or in general, by food. However, in Africa, Ebola may be spread as a result of handling bushmeat (wild animals hunted for food) and contact with infected bats. ▪ There is no evidence that mosquitos or other insects can transmit Ebola virus.