Enlightenment s

What does it mean to be Enlightened?

To gain knowledge or wisdom: To be freed from prejudice, ignorance or superstition.

1. Characteristics Enlightenment thinkers A) Influenced by ideas of reason in Scientific Revolution B) Applied reason to the human world, not just the natural world

C) Stimulated religious tolerance D) Fueled democratic revolutions around the world

I. What was it? Progressive, Rationalistic, Humanistic worldview Emerged out of the Scientific Revolution and culminated in the French Revolution Spokesmen = Rising Middle Class Paris = Center of Enlightenment Optimism about mankind’s abilities

II. Key Ideas Distrust of Tradition and Revealed Religion Scientific method could be applied to society as well Society can get better as risks are taken Man is naturally good Good life is on earth

Age of Reason

2. Thomas Hobbes A) Wrote Leviathan-(1651) B) What form of government did he believe in?

Thomas Hobbes B. A. The state must have central (ALL) authority to manage behavior Influenced by English Civil War C) Supports absolute rulers, rejected separation of powers

A Leviathan (Sea Monster)

Thomas Hobbes!

3. John Locke A) Two Treatises on Government(1690) B) What did John Locke believe was the best form of government?

John Locke B.a. ) Democracy C. Government should protect people’s rights, People are sovereign- People have the power

John Locke Locke believed government had to protect three rights of people D. People have natural rights-life, liberty, & property

Two Treatises on Government(1690)

What influence on United States government did Locke have? “among those rights are life liberty and the pursuit of happiness”

John Locke Believed people are born with minds as a blank slate to be filled up: not naturally good or bad Believed it was human nature to want to figure things out and to want to make sense of the world around you Disagreed with Hobbes that people are naturally wicked Believed humans were reasonable creatures capable of figuring out anything

E. Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence drew from ideas of Locke and others

Who wrote the “Spirit of Laws”?

4. Montesquieu A. The Spirit of Laws(1748)j B. What idea about the structure of government did Montesquieu express?

B. a. Believed in separation of powers in government-

C. Influence U.S. government Executive, Legislative, Judicial Influences “checks and balances” in U.S.

Why did Montesquieu believe in “Separation of Powers”? No Absolutism What thinker would Montesquieu agree with?

A. Baron de Montesquieu ( ) The Spirit of the Laws (1748) Despotism could be avoided if political power were divided and shared by a diversity of classes Power must check power Admires British government French parlements must be defenders of liberty Influence in the US

5. Jean Jacques Rousseau A) Social Contract-1762 B) Humans were better off in primitive stage, not civilization

C) Government is a contract between rulers and the people

Theory of Natural Man “The first man who, having fenced in a piece of land, said "This is mine," and found people naive enough to believe him, that man was the true founder of civil society. From how many crimes, wars, and murders, from how many horrors and misfortunes might not any one have saved mankind, by pulling up the stakes, or filling up the ditch, and crying to his fellows: Beware of listening to this imposter; you are undone if you once forget that the fruits of the earth belong to us all, and the earth itself to nobody.

What does Rousseau want people to do if government abuses it’s power? Rebel!!! Storming of the Bastille Liberty leading the People

Jean-Jacques Rousseau ( ) His life Turns his withering critique of the Old Regime increasingly on the Enlightenment itself Rather than liberation, rationalism and civilization destroys the individual Man by nature was solitary, good and free

E. Rousseau (cont) Civilization represents decay, not progress Emile—protect children from too many books The Social Contract (1762) and the “General Will” Civilized man is an alienated man Transitional intellectual figure

6. Voltaire Francois Marie Arouet A) Championed separation of church and state B) Religious toleration Religious fanaticism is bad

B. Voltaire ( ) Enthusiasm for English institutions Reformer not a revolutionary Admirer of Louis XIV Relationship with Frederick the Great “Ecrasez l’infame”

Voltaire What was Voltaire famous for saying? “ I disagree with what you say, but will defend to the death your right to say it”

Influences or Effects of Enlightenment F.A.S.T 1. (F)uel revolutions such as French and American Singing of Decl. of Independence Singing of Decl. of Independence Storming of the Bastille

2. (A)pplied Reason to the human world (government and law

3. (S)timulated religious tolerance

4.( T)aught that our rights come from natural law NOT the government Natural Rights

Understanding #1 Enlightenment thinkers believed that human progress was possible through the application of scientific knowledge and reason to issues of law and government

Understanding #2 U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights incorporate enlightenment ideas U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights incorporate enlightenment ideas

Exit Quiz 1. The enlightenment period was influenced by ideas of the __________ revolution. 2. The Enlightenment period fueled ____________ revolutions around the world 3. Hobbes supported what form of ruler?

4. Locke believed who was sovereign, or held the power? 5. What was Locke’s book called? 6. What two groups were the treatises between in Locke’s book? 7.____________ believed in the “ Separtion of Power” 8. Who wrote the “social contract”and believed people were better off in their natural state.

9. 9. __________ championed separation of church and state Who championed freedom of speech? 11. Name the two revolutions the Enlightenment period fueled. 12. Who was a major enlightenment philosopher that Thomas Jefferson derived much inspiration from?

12. What are two parts of the United States government that incorporate Enlightenment ideas? 13. Name two English philosophers of the Enlightenment. 14. Name three French philosophers of the Enlightenment. Enlightenment thinkers believed that human progress was possible through the application of scientific knowledge and _____________. 15. Enlightenment thinkers believed that human progress was possible through the application of scientific knowledge and _____________.

16. Describe the effects of the Enlightenment. 17. Why was Hobbes’s book called Leviathan?