Chapter 5: Developing American Identity

Land, Rights and Wealth Colonies were thriving – Cheap land – Natural resources – England-less than 5% own land

Land Ownership Owning land gives political rights White male property owners can vote No nobility

Women Most women were farm wives Cooked, churned butter, wove, knitted, tended garden

Women Women did not have many rights – Could not: – Vote – Hold office – Preach – Own property

Children Large families (6-8 kids) More children, more workers Expected to be useful at 3-4 years old Age 6- Boys “breeched”, work in fields Girls learn household skills

Children Age 11- boys begin to be apprenticed – Learn a skill or a trade from a master/professional – Age most girls sent to other households to learn specialized skills

Colonial Schooling Education valued in colonies Most children taught to read so they could understand Bible Wealthy go to private schools, learn writing and math

Education High literacy rate – NE 85% (white men) – Middle 65% – South 50% – Roughly half those amounts for women – Illegal to teach slaves to read or write

Newspapers and Books Early 1700’s- 1 paper Over next 70 years, almost 80 emerge Books originally imported from England Over time colonists start to publish their own Ben Franklin- almanacs

The Great Awakening Inner religious emotion more important than outward religious behavior Sermons appeal to heart, draw large crowds

The Great Awakening 1730’s and 1740’s Jonathan Edwards- best known preacher, terrified listeners

There are two opinions which I mean to oppose in this doctrine. One is that the eternal death with which wicked men are threatened in Scripture, signifies no more than eternal annihilation: that God will punish their wickedness by eternally abolishing their being. The other opinion which I mean to oppose is that though the punishment of the wicked shall consist in sensible misery, yet it shall not be absolutely eternal, but only of a very long continuance.

The Great Awakening Groups of traveling ministers, churches split into factions Encouraged ideas of equality, right to challenge authority

The Enlightenment Emphasized reason and science as the path to knowledge Began in Europe- discovering natural laws

The Enlightenment John Locke-philosopher, people have natural rights: – Life – Liberty – Property

Ch. 5 Sec. 1 What ideas were common amongst all of the colonists?

Ch. 5 Sec. 1 Review Spreading of newspapers, high literacy, education valued Great Awakening Enlightenment- reason and science

Roots of Representative Government Magna Carta (1215) states that Englishmen have certain rights from living under an English govt.

Magna Carta Could not have property seized by king or officials Could not be taxed w/o council agreement Jury of peers Trial needs witnesses Limits power of the king

Parliament and the colonial govt. Parliament: – House of Commons: elected by the people – House of Lords: nobles, clergy, judges

Parliament and the colonial govt. Colonists want their own elected assemblies – House of Burgesses- Va – William Penn- forms general assembly – Imposed taxes and managed colonies

Authority of the King Even though colonists govern themselves in some ways, the king still has authority – Can appoint royal governors – Parliament has no representatives from colonies, can still pass laws that affect them

Authority of the king James II becomes king, wants to rule with total authority This includes total authority in the colonies

James II Dominion of New England – Bans assemblies – Restricts town meetings to one per year – In part, because of New England ignoring the Navigation Acts

James II In response, some colonists refuse to pay taxes Being taxed w/o having a voice violated their rights

Glorious Revolution Parliament overthrows King James II for not respecting its rights Mary (James’ daughter) and William take the throne Parliament makes them agree to the English Bill of Rights

English Bill of Rights Respect the rights of citizens and Parliament King/Queen cannot cancel laws or taxes unless Parliament agreed Free elections and frequent meetings of Parliament must be held Excessive fines and cruel punishment forbidden Right to complain w/o being arrested

Shared Power Colonists have elected assembly and royal governors Salutary neglect- hands off policy in the colonies – Colonists get used to acting on their own

Zenger Trial Arrested for criticizing NY governor in NY Weekly Journal article It was illegal to criticize the govt. in print Andrew Hamilton- defense attorney, says people have a right to speak the truth Jury agrees English rights become part of a common heritage uniting people in the British colonies

Ch. 5 Sec.2 Review What common beliefs did colonists have in the way that they should be governed?

Ch. 5 Sec. 2 Review Magna Carta- jury, witnesses, no property seizure Right to elect representatives to govern- House of Burgesses English Bill of Rights-free elections, excessive fines and cruel punishment banned, king/queen need consent of Parliament Zenger Trial- People have a right to speak the truth and criticize govt.

The French and Indian War France claims- Western lands: France claimed from Appalachians to Rockies This includes Ohio River Valley, Mississippi River and the Great Lakes

French Territorial Claims Main settlements: Quebec and Montreal along the St. Lawrence River in Canada

French Territorial Claims New France- population of around 80,000 – British colonies population of over 1 million French settlers worked as fur traders, Jesuit missionaries

Native American Alliances English and French compete for furs Different Native Americans competed to supply English and French with furs French- Great Lakes region (Huron and Algonquin) English- NY- Iroquois

5 Huron Tribes Present day Flint, Saginaw, Sarnia (Michigan) Sudbury (Ontario)

Ohio River Valley Disputes British fur traders move in in the 1750’s French attack these outposts (Ohio river is the link that connects French colonies in Louisiana and Canada)

Ohio River Valley Disputes Virginia also had a claim to this land builds fort that French capture (Fort Duquesne) They then build Fort Necessity, also captured by French This begins the French and Indian War

Albany Plan of Union British and Iroquois meeting for alliance Iroquois decline Ben Franklin suggests colonies ban together for defense

Albany Plan of Union-1754 Each colony would send representatives to a Grand Council Council would collect taxes, raise armies, make treaties, start new settlements Rejected by colonial legislatures (not wanting to give up power for their own affairs)

General Braddock Britain knows they can’t rely on colonists for full funding or troops Send Gen. Braddock and 2 regiments to VA to fight

Fort Duquesne Gen. Braddock marches to Ft. Duquesne with 2,100 troops While going over a mountain, 900 French and Indian troops attack Braddock doesn’t adapt, dies in battle Over 1,000 British troops die

British Take Quebec William Pitt becomes Secretary of State in England Pitt determined to win war By 1759 Britain controls 6 French forts British take French capital at Quebec, turning point of war

Treaty of Paris Britain and France continued to fight elsewhere for 3 more years Treaty of Paris- Britain claimed all of North America east of the Mississippi France gives Spain New Orleans and Louisiana for its help

Pontiac’s Rebellion British take French forts, British settlers move west into Native American land Native Americans led by Pontiac attack Destroy almost every fort west of Appalachians, surround last 3

Pontiac’s Rebellion British invite war leaders in, give them blankets covered in smallpox Started outbreak, Native Americans retreat

Proclamation of 1763 British realize continued defense of the frontier will be costly Proclamation of forbid colonists to settle west of Appalachian mountains

Proclamation of 1763 Colonists are angered, thought that they had a right to settle the Ohio River Valley British are angered that the colonists do not want to pay for the war