 Work and Home

 State socialist countries: forced emancipation – the burden of the past in the ex-Eastern block  Woman’s double workload (full-time work + housework)  Lack of restructuring the private  Discrimination in the public (often: token women)  Claim: feminism: no longer needed (problems solved; „western” feminism: ridiculed, frowned upon); whereas: women: „used”  After the political changes: conservative turn//emergence of second-wave feminism in the post-socialist countries too  Problem: confluence of various tendencies, including backlash (argument: feminism is outdated)

 Late 1990s: Women in paid work: ◦ EU 50%; ◦ US: 60%; ◦ Hungary: 45%  Between 1985 and 1999: the rate of women’s employment in the age group 15–64 ◦ In Hungary: dropped from 70.1 to 45.4%, ◦ EU: slowly, but constantly rising.

 To work? ◦ 1986: 81% of women stated that women should do some paid work (although even at that time most of them said that women should either do their paid work at home or part-time) ◦ 1995 only 66% said that women should do any work at all, out of which only 20% supported the idea of full-time work.

 between 1992 and 1999 women are employed in jobs requiring higher qualification  the absolute losers, thus, are women with primary school education (so are men).  after 1990: the number and proportion of women in top positions dropped drastically, although they would have the proper qualification

 Women’s presence grows in some areas: in the civil service and the services in general.  88.4% of women were employed by the state or local governments in 1998, which means ◦ in terms of social security they are in a safer position ◦ they are in a lower salary stream, which means also lower old-age pensions, and social security pensions.

 The salary gap between men and women decreased between 1986 and 1994 from 35% to 20%. ◦ Women:white-(or pink-)collar jobs, which are slightly better paid ◦ male physical workers’ wages increased less than those of women’s  Current wage gap: 15.6% ◦ Reason: minimal wage the same for men and women ◦ The higher the qualification, the bigger the wage gap (university degree: 26.5%)  Once unemployed, women have to face greater difficulties in gaining a job again, particularly over 40  kids' reaction to the wage gap kids' reaction to the wage gap

 11 billion hours of work in Hungary per year ◦ Women do most of the housework  Value: 5,500 billion HUF ◦ 3 times more than the state support of the national health service in Hungary  Women as housewives: ◦ 1990: 4%; ◦ 1999: 13.8%

 Glass wall: occupational/horizontal gender segregation  University of Economics: male students started to pour into economics (female students’ proportion dropped from 80.7% to 65.7% between 1990 and 1997—c.f. Nagy in Pongrácz and Tóth 34)  Glass lift: likelihood of promotion ◦ E.g. schools, heads of school  Glass ceiling: obstacle to reach top positions: ◦ Companies in Hungary: 34% led by women ◦ But companies with more than 250 employees: only 11% led by women  Critical mass is needed (1/3)

 Higher education: : ◦ lecturers: 16,892 (incl. language and PE teachers and dormitory supervisors); ◦ women: 6528 (39%); ◦ lecturers with PhD: 3350, out of which women: 1042 (31%); ◦ “candidate”: 2388; out of which 555 women (23%) ◦ doctor of Academy at universities: 799 and colleges: 10 out of which women: 114 (13%); ◦ corresponding members of academy: 59, full members of academy: 174 ◦ out of which women: 2-2 (1.8%); 2006: 8 out of 248 (3.5%)

3/3/14 In the US, ”husbands of full- time home-makers help out for an hour and fifteen minutes a day, while husbands of women with full-time jobs help less than half as long—thirty-six minutes” (Naomi Wolf 23– 4). A woman with a full-time job and a family in the US works 96 hours a week. Men „babysit” their own children.

 no symmetrical distribution of work outside the home is imaginable between the sexes as long as the distribution of housework is asymmetrical;  not only in the actual sharing but also in the concept of responsibility as well;  mothering to be replaced by parenting

 attitude trap  more recently the collapse of the „evident” relation between the traditional family model and the number of children born  the more equal the family structure, the more children are born

 Economic independence both for men and women  Harmonisation of work and private life  Equal share in decision making  [...]  Promotion of equality between men and women even beyond the EU

 Sheryl Sandberg, Facebook COO (Chief Operating Officer): ◦ Lean In: book and movement ◦ Sandberg’s TED podcast: Why we have too few women leadersWhy we have too few women leaders  Emma Watson, UN Goodwill Ambassador: ◦ He for She ◦ campaign opening speech campaign opening speech

Janet Yellen: Chair of FED (Federal ReserveSystem) Christine Lagarde: IMF managing director Sheryl Sandberg: Facebook COO

 Thank you for your attention!