Migration What is migration? Why do people migrate? Where do people migrate? How do governments affect migration? What is migration? Why do people migrate? Where do people migrate? How do governments affect migration?

Movement  The three types of movements are defined by time spent away from home. Cyclic Movement Periodic Movement Migration

Cyclic Movement  Journeys that begin at home base and bring us back to it. Activity Spaces Commuting Seasonal movement Nomadism

Periodic Movement  Longer period of time away from home base Migrant labor Transhumance College Military service

Migration  Movement results in permanent relocation across significant distances International Internal

Why do people migrate?  Forced Migration  Voluntary Migration  Forced Migration  Voluntary Migration

Forced Migration  Involves the imposition of authority or power, producing involuntary migration Slave trade was the largest forced migration in the history of humanity.

Voluntary Migration  Occu rs after migrant weighs options and choices. Push Factors Pull Factors

Laws of Migration  Ernst Ravenstein created these laws to answer the question of why people voluntarily migrate.  Ravenstein ’ s idea is an early observationon of the gravity model  Ernst Ravenstein created these laws to answer the question of why people voluntarily migrate.  Ravenstein ’ s idea is an early observationon of the gravity model

Five Laws of Migration  Every migration flow generates a return or counter migration.  The majority of migrants move a short distance.  Migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big-city destinations.  Every migration flow generates a return or counter migration.  The majority of migrants move a short distance.  Migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big-city destinations.

Five laws (cont.)  Urban residents are less migratory than inhabitants of rural areas.  Families are less likely to make international moves than young adults.  Urban residents are less migratory than inhabitants of rural areas.  Families are less likely to make international moves than young adults.

Types of Push and Pull Factors  Economic Conditions  Political Circumstances  Armed Conflict and Civil War  Environmental Conditions  Culture and Traditions  Technological Advances  Economic Conditions  Political Circumstances  Armed Conflict and Civil War  Environmental Conditions  Culture and Traditions  Technological Advances

Where do people migrate?  Global Migration  Regional Migration  National Migration  Guest Workers  Refugees  Global Migration  Regional Migration  National Migration  Guest Workers  Refugees

Where do people migrate? (cont.)  Most people are moving to more urban areas.

Global Migration  Exploration  Colonization  Exploration  Colonization

Regional Migration  Economic opportunities  Reconnection of cultural groups  Conflict and War  Economic opportunities  Reconnection of cultural groups  Conflict and War

National Migration Flows  Russification

Guest Workers Guest workers are legal immigrants who have work visas, usually short term

Refugees  A person who has a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion. Internal vs. International

Characteristics of Refugees  Move without any more tangible property than they can carry or transport with them.  Make first step by foot, bicycle, wagon, or open boat.  Move without official documents.  Move without any more tangible property than they can carry or transport with them.  Make first step by foot, bicycle, wagon, or open boat.  Move without official documents.

Regions of Dislocation  Subsaharan Africa Sudan (worst refugee crisis in Africa today)  North Africa - Southwest Asia  South Asia  Southeast Asia  Europe  Other Regions  Subsaharan Africa Sudan (worst refugee crisis in Africa today)  North Africa - Southwest Asia  South Asia  Southeast Asia  Europe  Other Regions

How do Governments Affect Migration?  Legal Restrictions  Waves of Immigration  Post September 11  Legal Restrictions  Waves of Immigration  Post September 11

How do governments affect migration?  Governments that don’t treat people fairly have the most people migrate out of there country.  Also if the country is in great poverty, people try very hard to migrate to wealthier countries.  Governments that don’t treat people fairly have the most people migrate out of there country.  Also if the country is in great poverty, people try very hard to migrate to wealthier countries.

Map of poverty

Legal Restriction  Immigration laws

Waves of Immigration  Quotas restrict immigration.  Selective Immigration when individuals with certain backgrounds are barred from entering  Quotas restrict immigration.  Selective Immigration when individuals with certain backgrounds are barred from entering

Post September 11  Immigration policies have incorporated security concerns.  Immigrants from 33 countries where al-Qaeda or other terrorist groups operate are automatically detained.  Immigration policies have incorporated security concerns.  Immigrants from 33 countries where al-Qaeda or other terrorist groups operate are automatically detained.

Types of migration 1.Immigration 2.Emigration 3.External migration 4.Internal migration 5.Seasonal migration 6.Return migration 7.Chain migration 8.Step migration 9.Population transfer (also known as forced migration) 1.Immigration 2.Emigration 3.External migration 4.Internal migration 5.Seasonal migration 6.Return migration 7.Chain migration 8.Step migration 9.Population transfer (also known as forced migration)

Types of migration 1.Moving into a new country. 2.Leaving one country to move to another. 3.Moving to a new state, country, or continent. 4.Moving to a new place within a state, country, continent. 5.Is migration that corresponds with the change in seasons. Much of migration falls in this category. 6.The movement of immigrants back to their origin 7.Migration within a family or defined group of people. 8.Is a less extreme type of migration. For example moving from a farm, to a village, to a town, and then finally to a city. 9.When a government forces a large group of people to leave, usually because of ethnicity or religion. 1.Moving into a new country. 2.Leaving one country to move to another. 3.Moving to a new state, country, or continent. 4.Moving to a new place within a state, country, continent. 5.Is migration that corresponds with the change in seasons. Much of migration falls in this category. 6.The movement of immigrants back to their origin 7.Migration within a family or defined group of people. 8.Is a less extreme type of migration. For example moving from a farm, to a village, to a town, and then finally to a city. 9.When a government forces a large group of people to leave, usually because of ethnicity or religion.