ADS-B for NH Wing Lt Col G. Skip Guild 28 April 2016

Key Terms NextGen ADS-B ADS-B OUT and ADS-B IN ADS- B transponder options 1090ES and 978 (UAT) ADS-B IN terms FIS-B and TIS-B CAP Implementation

NextGen: Next Generation Air Transportation System Transforms America’s air traffic control system from an aging, ground- based system to a satellite-based system The goals of NextGen are to Shorten routes Save time and fuel Reduce traffic delays Increase capacity Increase safety World peace, free beer …

NextGen: Next Generation Air Transportation System NextGen has 6 major Programs – NextGen CATMT Data Com NVS ADS-B Weather SWIM only one of them is ADS-B

ADS-B Automatic Dependent Surveillance – Broadcast Automatic: it works in the background - no pilot or operator involvement required. Dependent: depends on other aircraft being equipped Surveillance it’s a technology to track aircraft Broadcast because it transmits the information available to anyone with the appropriate receiving equipment.

ADS-B IN and OUT

ADS-B 1090 vs 978 MHz CAP

ADS-B OUT Aircraft 3D location, velocity, altitude, ID and other data broadcast continuously once per second with no pilot or operator involvement required. No radar interrogation required, unlike raw radar, and secondary radar (Mode C and Mode S) within radar coverage once every 5-12 seconds. Transmitted by aircraft on either 1080ES or 978 MHz frequencies but not both. 1080ES (normal frequency for Mode A/C/S transponders but adds “extended squitter” data) will be required above 18,000 ft MSL over U.S. land mass. Not required most places outside the U.S. 978 MHz (an unused DME frequency) supported only within the U.S.

1 January 2020 ADS-B OUT Mandate All aircraft flying within defined airspace boundaries are required to equip with transponders that transmit on one of two frequencies 1090ES (“Extended Squitter” data packages transmitted on 1090 MHz) or UAT (Universal Access Terminals) with same data packages transmitted on 978 MHz) The airspace boundaries where ADS-B OUT is required are defined in the mandate and illustrated on the next slide.

1 Jan 2020 ADS-B OUT Mandate

ADS-B OUT Required (Local New Hampshire) (Class A, B, C & E (>10K) Airspace)

ADS-B IN Equipage is Optional Provides operators of properly equipped aircraft with data for location data (ADS-B Out directly from other aircraft) * weather (FIS-B) 978 MHz only and retransmitted traffic position (TIS-B) information. Severe limitation imposed by FAA to encourage ADS-B OUT implementation * Both 978 and 1080 MHz for CAP with dual frequency receivers

ADS-B IN Receives ADS-B OUT track data directly from aircraft transmitting on the same frequency. Receives FIS-B and TIS-B (discussed next) from FAA via 650 ground stations around the U.S. only on 978 MHz to provide to the graphical weather displays in the cockpit as well as text- based advisories, including Notices to Airmen and significant weather. Discussed in detail later. CAP is now equipping our aircraft with 1090ES transmitters with dual frequency ADS-B IN capability to receive the advantages of both data services

FIS-B Flight Information Services - Broadcast Significant Meteorological Conditions (SIGMET) and Convective SIGMET Aviation Routine Weather Reports (METARs) Non-Routine Aviation Weather Reports (SPECIs) Notice to Airmen (NOTAM) Distant and Flight Data Center Terminal Area Forecasts (TAFs) and their amendments NEXRAD (regional and CONUS) precipitation maps Airmen's Meteorological Conditions (AIRMET) Status of Special Use Airspace (SUA) Temporary Flight Restrictions (TFRs) Winds and Temperatures Aloft Pilot Reports (PIREPS)

FIS-B Flight Information Services - Broadcast Discussion in the works to add additional no-cost features including 1 minute AWOS – uplinked every 10 minutes Lightning Turbulence NOWcast Icing NOWcast Cloud Tops

TIS-B Traffic Information Service - Broadcast Advisory-only service available to both 1090ES and UAT (978 MHz) equipment users. Provides traffic information on most transponder- based aircraft within the vicinity of the ADS-B OUT equipped aircraft receiving the data. (Examples later) Secondary radar targets (Mode A/C/S) forwarded ONLY on 978 MHz channels for tracks detected by radar Will continue to update the track if there is a momentary loss of secondary and only the primary return is available. Primary only tracks will not be forwarded by ground stations

Coverage Maps ADS-B (FIS-B & TIS-B) vs Radar Aircraft-to-aircraft traffic reporting (same frequency) is completely line of sight anywhere, down low or high altitude Actual locations for 650 ADS-R antennae is no longer published on- line by the FAA but can be identified by symbols on ForeFlight (next screen) FAA claims knowing where the antennae are located is of no value to the pilot Only one antenna is located in New Hampshire

ADS-R Antenna Zoom in on iPad Google Earth: Fort Mtn East of Concord

Calculated ADS-R Coverage (FIS-B & TIS-B) The next few slides will illustrate the coverage of current radar compared with the ADS-R for FIS-B and TIS-B from radar which includes forwarded ADS-B OUT tracks between 1090 and 978 using ADS-R (“retransmitted”) data from Ground Stations

500’ AGL Coverage - Radar500’ AGL Coverage – ADS-R

1500’ AGL Coverage - Radar1500’ AGL Coverage – ADS-R

3000’ AGL Coverage - Radar3000’ AGL Coverage – ADS-R

CAP Dual Channel Implementation CAP is implementing ADS-B on our least capable planes first, specifically those with GPS-400W GPS units. For NH Wing this would imply N9869C (C185-RG) and N99826 (C172Q) will be first. MA Wing similar aircraft were updated with GDL 88 and separate Flight Stream 210 GDL 88 Flight Stream 201

CAP Dual Channel Implementation The GDL 88 provides 1080ES OUT and dual 978/1080 MHz ADS-B IN channels but does not provide an interface to iPad tablets. Most implementations to non- or minimally-capable graphical displays on installed GPS units have no way to display ADS-B IN information with just the GDL 88. CAP Added a Flight Stream 110/210 box to exchange information between the GDL 88 and format it for use on iPads running either ForeFlight or Garmin Pilot The “two-box” solution is already obsolete since Garmin now has a single box solution with the same features, the GTX 345

CAP Dual Channel Implementation I suspect CAP will start installing the GTX 345 ADS-B Transponder replacing the plane’s existing Mode C transponder. This one box will provide 1090 ADS-B OUT 1090/978 MHz ADS-B IN, plus Connext™ link for dual-link ADS-B “In” traffic and subscription-free weather to Garmin Pilot™ and ForeFlight Mobile iPad apps as well as the aera® 795/796 portables plus backup attitude output for synthetic vision displays

ADS-B IN Receive/Display The following graphics will illustrate FAA imposed limitations on the NextGen ADS-B implementation Good news is every dual channel ADS-B IN equipped aircraft Will see all other ADS-B OUT equipped aircraft (both frequencies) within own aircraft line of sight with no ATC services required (e.g., including aircraft below and beyond radar coverage). When within line of sight of any FAA ADS-B Ground Stations, will receive weather data (FIS-B) Will receive forwarded tracks 978  1090 through ground stations (not important to CAP dual receivers). Will receive Mode A/C radar tracks only for tracks within ADS-B OUT “Hockey Puck” volumes created around each ADS-B OUT aircraft. Complicated topic which AOPA is fighting with FAA and NTSB.

 3,500 ft  30 NM Ground Station ADS-R Hockey Puck Mode C 1090 Out Raw Radar 978 Out Mode A Non-Radar 1090 Out

 3,500 ft  30 NM Ground Station ADS-R Hockey Puck Mode C 1090 Out Raw Radar Mode A Non-Radar 978 Out 1090 Out

 3,500 ft  30 NM Ground Station ADS-R Hockey Puck Mode C 1090 Out Raw Radar Mode A 978 Out 1090 Out Radar

 3,500 ft  30 NM Ground Station ADS-R Hockey Puck Mode C 1090 Out Raw Radar Mode A 978 Out 1090 Out Radar

Sample ForeFlight Screen Shots (STRATUX) The next few screens are screen shots I took using my “toy” STRATUS look-alike I won at the Portsmouth Safety Seminar Single channel ADS-B IN (978 MHz) including received ADS-R from ground stations. “Some assembly required”

Blue “jet” is my ADS-B Receiver Altitude ~3,000 ft, receiving from five antennae Receiving all line of sight aircraft from Aircraft transmitting on 978 MHz ADS-B, TIS-B retransmitted tracks on 1090 MHz Limited tracks from radar sites via TIS-B Arrow shaped tracks have velocity data, diamond shaped tracks do not Delta altitude shown above track (e.g., “+44” is track 4,400 feet above own altitude) Climbing / descending tracks (+/- 500 fpm) show vertical arrow to the right of the track ADS-B OUT tracks show call sign or tail number.

Can suppress distant tracks

Distant Weather Tracks suppressed Minimal geographic charts loaded Gross weather display

FIS-B “nearby” weather Finer detail

Ground Traffic Aircraft as well as ADS-B Equipped ground vehicles at Boston Airport

FAA – ADS-B Out Requirements and link to ADS-B Google Earth Map FAA – Terminology ADS-B – As briefed by Sporty’s (Doesn’t run well in Chrome) ADS-B Airspace – FAA Interactive Google Map